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The Kuva-yi Milliye (Ottoman Turkish: قواى مليه; lit. 'National Forces'[2][3] or 'Nationalist Forces'[4]) were irregular Turkish militia forces[4] active in the early period of the Turkish War of Independence. These irregular forces emerged after the occupation of the parts of Turkey by the Allied forces in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros. Later, Kuva-yi Milliye were integrated to the regular army (Kuva-yi Nizamiye)[4] of the Grand National Assembly. Some historians call this period (1918–20) of the Turkish War of Independence the "Kuva-yi Milliye phase".[5]
| Kuvâ-yi Milliye | |
|---|---|
 Ethem the Circassian, his Circassian men (Kuva-yi Seyyare) and Mustafa Kemal Pasha in front of the main building of the station, who were on their way to the Yozgat rebellion (June 1920) | |
| Active | 1918–1921 |
| Country | Ottoman Empire |
| Allegiance |  Grand National Assembly (until 27 December 1920) |
| Type | Militia |
| Role | Turkish Independence |
| Size | 5,000 (1919) 15,000 (peak in 1920)[1] |
| Motto(s) | Ya istiklâl ya ölüm! (Independence or death!)[citation needed] |
| Colors | Red and White |
| Engagements | Turkish War of Independence |
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Nominally commander-in-chief) Ethem the Circassian (Main commander until 1921) Yörük Ali Efe (Commander, Western Front) Şahin Bey (Commander, Southern Front) Topal Osman (Commander) |
History
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In the Armistice of Mudros, Ottoman Empire was divided between the Allies, where the Greeks occupied the west, the British occupied the capital and southeast, and the Italians and the French occupied the south of the country.
When the atrocities committed by the Greeks in the places they occupied became known among the people of Afyonkarahisar, the people began to harbor great hatred and anger against the Greeks. Realizing that the danger caused by the Greeks could harm them in a short time, the people of Afyonkarahisar, under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel Arif Bey, formed the Afyonkarahisar Kuvâ-yi Milliye.[6]
The Kuva-yi Milliye were the first armed groups to defend the Turks and Muslims' rights in Anatolia and Rumelia. The Kuva-yi Milliye consisted of deserted Ottoman army officers and militias. The Kuva-yi Milliye became active when the Greeks landed at Smyrna (İzmir).[citation needed] People who opposed the partitioning of Anatolia by the unratified Treaty of Sèvres joined the resistance. The Franco-Turkish War was almost exclusively conducted by Kuva-yi Milliye units on the Turkish side. In western Anatolia, the Kuva-yi Milliye fought against the Greek Army by hit-and-run tactics[7] until a regular army was set up. The resistance of the Kuva-yi Milliye slowed the Greek advance in Anatolia.[8]
Dissolution of Kuva-yi Milliye
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Although the Kuva-yi Milliye was regarded as the first step of resistance in the liberation of Turkey, irregular warfare was abandoned later on. The militia lacked discipline and experience; it had no chance in larger open field battles against the Greeks. In September 1920, its members had to face and halt the advance of a highly trained and well equipped Greek Army numbering more than 107,000 men with a force less than 15,000 on the Western front. After the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was opened, the regular army was created by merging different Kuva-yi Milliye groups. Kuva-yi Milliye was ultimately dissolved towards the end of 1920. Although some units of the Kuva-yi Milliye still fought on the southern front until 1921. The First Battle of İnönü is the first in which the standing army fought against the Greek forces.
Rebels
editSome Kuva-yi Milliye groups, most notably Çerkes Ethem's Kuva-yi Seyyare refused to disband his forces and mutinied against the Ankara Government. The Army of GNA defeated both the Greek Army and the Rebel Forces at the end of Turkish War of Independence.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Selek, Sabahattin (1987), Anadolu ihtilâli (in Turkish), vol. 1, Kastaş AŞ Yayınları, p. 127
- ^ Akşin, Sina (2007), Turkey: From Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to the Present, New York University Press, p. 126, ISBN 978-0-8147-0722-7
- ^ Shaw, Stanford J; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 341, ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8
- ^ a b c Smith, Elaine Diana (1959), Turkey: Origins of the Kemalist Movement and The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1919–1923, The American university, p. 68
- ^ Kasalak, Kadir (November 1998), "Kuva-yı Milliye'nin Askeri Açıdan Etüdü", Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi (in Turkish), XIV (42), Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin: 75, archived from the original on 2011-12-10, retrieved 2011-07-24. Yılı Özel Sayısı.
- ^ Kaya, Şerife Burcu; Kaya, Ümit Ünsal; Bulut, Yakup (2023-03-30). "THE ROLE OF BAYAT IN THE TURKISH NATIONAL STRUGGLE PROCESS ON THE AXIS OF LIEUTENANT COLONEL (BAYATLI) ARIF BEY AND KARAKEÇILI NATIONAL REGIMENT". Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi. 1 (57): 81–92. doi:10.17498/kdeniz.1242250. ISSN 1308-6200.
- ^ Belleten, vol. 65, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2001, retrieved 2010-08-18
- ^ "Kuva-i Milliye", Cum Huriyet, Etarih, archived from the original on 2010-11-15, retrieved 2010-08-18
External links
edit- Kasalak, Kadir (November 1998), Kuva-yı Milliye'nin Askeri Açıdan Etüdü, vol. XIV, Atatürk Araştirma Merkezi Dergisi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin 75. Yılı Özel Sayısı.