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23rd Regiment Armory

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The 23rd Regiment Armory, also known as the Bedford Atlantic Armory, is a historic National Guard armory building located at 1322 Bedford Avenue between Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Street in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, United States. The building is a brick and stone castle-like structure designed to be reminiscent of medieval military structures in Europe. It was built in 1891–95 and was designed in the Romanesque Revival style by Fowler & Hough, local Brooklyn architects, and Isaac Perry, the New York state government's architect.[2][3]

23rd Regiment Armory
(July 2010)
23rd Regiment Armory is located in New York City
23rd Regiment Armory
23rd Regiment Armory is located in New York
23rd Regiment Armory
23rd Regiment Armory is located in the United States
23rd Regiment Armory
Location1322 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, New York, US
Coordinates40°40′43″N 73°57′16″W / 40.67861°N 73.95444°W / 40.67861; -73.95444
Area2.3 acres (0.93 ha)
Built1891–95
ArchitectFowler & Hough and Isaac Perry
Architectural styleRomanesque revival
NRHP reference No.80002641[1]
NYCL No.0950
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 6, 1980
Designated NYCLMarch 8, 1977

The structure was originally built for the 23rd Regiment of the New York State Militia. Since the 1980s, it has been in use as a men's homeless shelter, though in the 2010s, there were plans to redevelop the armory.

The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1977,[2] and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[1]

History

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Planning

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The 23rd Regiment of the New York State Militia was organized in 1861 as a relief guard of the 13th Regiment. It was meant to take over the duties of the Brooklyn City Guard, which at the time was participating in the American Civil War.[4] The Relief Guard, later known as the City Guard Reserve, was mustered-in as the 23rd Regiment in 1862, and participated in the Civil War for one month in 1863.[5] Concerns about the readiness of volunteer militia led to the passage of an "Armory Law" in 1862, during the Civil War, which called for the construction of armories statewide. However, the effort stagnated after the end of the war.[6] The 23rd Regiment then moved to an armory on 165–179 Clermont Avenue in Fort Greene, which was built in 1872–1873. The still-extant building, which now includes apartments,[7] contained windows with pointed arches and a tall mansard roof.[4]

The regiment soon outgrew the Clermont Avenue location, and started looking for a location to build a new armory.[4] Halstead P. Fowler, of local architecture firm Fowler & Hough, was selected as the new armory's architect. Fowler, a 23rd Regiment member, designed the building under the supervision of state architect Isaac Perry.[8] Another armory architect, John N. Partridge, was also part of the 23rd Regiment. In June 1889, Partridge requested a $350,000 appropriation from the New York State Commission for the construction of the new armory.[4][9] That August, a site was selected at the southwest corner of Bedford Avenue and Atlantic Avenue.[10] At the time, the land was occupied by the St. Bartholomew's School, as well as two farmhouses and a rowhouse. The rowhouse belonged to H.P. Fowler, a principal at Fowler & Hough.[4]

Construction and use as armory

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A budget appropriation of $300,000 was given for construction,[8] and plans for the 23rd Regiment Armory were finalized in 1890.[11] The ceremonial cornerstone-laying event was held on November 14, 1891.[4] Soon after, the costs of building the armory increased greatly, and by 1892 another $100,000 was being requested for the 23rd Regiment Armory's completion.[12] Another $50,000 was requested in May 1893.[13] The New York Times described the armory as one of three Brooklyn armories facing extreme cost overruns, the others being the 13th Regiment Armory in Bedford–Stuyvesant and the 14th Regiment Armory in Park Slope.[14] In 1894, during construction, the building's flagpole shattered in a lightning storm.[15]

On November 4, 1894, the 23rd Regiment marched to its new armory to signify that it had taken possession of the building,[16] and the Clermont armory was sold shortly thereafter.[17] On November 15, the regiment started a two-week fundraiser to collect money for furnishings,[18] and raised almost $70,000 for said purpose.[4] The new 23rd Regiment Armory was not completed until 1895,[2][3] and the drill room was not completed until 1902.[19] The total cost of the armory was $550,000, almost twice the original budget, though this figure also included the funds spent on furnishings.[20] A World War I memorial outside the armory was dedicated in 1922.[21]

In 1923, the building was rented by William Randolph Hearst for use as studio space for his Cosmopolitan Productions after the company's own facilities were destroyed by a fire on February 19, 1923.[22][23] The 23rd Regiment Armory also housed the 106th Infantry until the 1980s, when the New York National Guard vacated the premises.[8] In addition to military use, the 23rd Regiment Armory was used by various exhibits, including home shows[24] and car shows;[25] as well as various sporting events such as cycling[26] and school sports.[27]

Conversion into a homeless shelter

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Bedford Avenue facade

The city converted the building into the Bedford-Atlantic Shelter, a 500-bed men's homeless shelter, in 1982.[19] The shelter, operated by the New York City Department of Homeless Services (DHS), is nicknamed "Castle Grayskull" by the homeless and locals, in reference to the armory's castle-like appearance.[28][29] The Bedford-Atlantic Shelter was one of 19 shelters built around the city during the 1980s; by 1987, it had 532 beds accommodating 800 men.[30] Following a 1992 lawsuit brought by community members seeking to close the 23rd Regiment and Fort Washington Armory shelters, the city agreed to decrease the Bedford-Atlantic Shelter's capacity.[31] By 2002, the shelter had been downsized to 350 beds.[19] The shelter still contained 350 beds by 2017, making it the city's largest homeless shelter to house exclusively men.[32][33]

In addition to housing homeless men, the shelter serves as a DHS intake center, performing evaluations for homeless people, who are then sent to other shelters or treatment programs.[29] Plans to use the 23rd Regiment Armory for this purpose were first announced in 2008 upon the planned closure of an existing intake center at Bellevue Hospital in Manhattan, which would make the armory the city's only DHS intake center.[34] Following controversy over these plans, a second intake center was later announced for Manhattan.[35] A New York City Police Department training facility is also located in the armory, and teaches new officers security procedures at New York City homeless shelters.[36]

The Bedford-Atlantic Shelter is known as Brooklyn's most dangerous shelter and one of the most dangerous in the New York City shelter system.[29] Since the 1980s, it had received a reputation for tolerating use of illegal drugs.[35] A 2018 analysis found that in 2017, there had been 89 arrests at the shelter, and police had been called 865 times, or over twice a day. Many of these arrests were drug-related.[37][38] Workers and residents also made allegations of a rat infestation at the shelter in 2018.[39]

Proposed redevelopment

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The 23rd Regiment Armory was proposed for redevelopment in 2012 at a cost of $14 million.[40] Several developers submitted suggestions for alternate uses of the drill hall, including as a climbing facility, concert auditorium, or ice-skating rink. However, plans for the renovation of the 23rd Regiment Armory stalled in 2015.[41][42] By 2017, there was still no progress on the armory's renovation.[33]

Architecture

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Viewed from Bedford Avenue and Pacific Street

The 23rd Regiment Armory consists of a three-story administration building, facing Bedford Avenue to the east, with an attached drill shed to the west. It features a series of circular corner towers, the tallest of which is 136 feet in height.[43][44][45] Upon the 23rd, 13th and 14th Regiment Armories' completions in the mid-1890s, the New-York Tribune stated that "these three armories are the product of a lavish expenditure ... for the support and encouragement of the militia that has perhaps never been excelled."[20]

The 23rd Regiment Armory is located on a trapezoidal lot. As a result, the northern facade on Atlantic Avenue measures 460 feet (140 m) while the parallel southern facade on Pacific Street measures 500 feet (150 m). The armory takes up the entire 200-foot (61 m) width of the block between Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Street, the length of the western facade.[44][45] The eastern facade on Bedford Avenue measures 230 feet (70 m).[45] The administration building takes up 200 feet (61 m) on the eastern portion of the site, while the drill room occupies the 300 feet (91 m) on the western part of the site.[11][44]

Exterior

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The facade features deep red pressed brick, brownish red Potsdam stone, and red terra cotta detail. On the first floor facade are courses of ashlar.[46][47] The general design of the facade is meant to be imposing rather than inviting. Eight circular towers are located on the exterior, the tallest of which is 136 feet (41 m) tall. Of these, there is one tower at each corner of the armory; one each along the Atlantic Avenue and Pacific Street facades, at the points separating the administration building and drill hall; and two flanking the main entrance on Bedford Avenue. The southeastern corner tower, at Bedford Avenue and Pacific Street, is accompanied by a smaller round tower.[47] The Pacific Street side to the south is located on slightly higher ground than the Atlantic Avenue side to the north.

The administration building's Bedford Avenue facade consists of a central entrance bay with gables, and a two-story-tall round-arched sally port with a steel portcullis that drops from the top of the arch. There are friezes directly above the sally port, as well as three tall, narrow arched windows on the floor directly above the sally port. Flanking either side of the sally port are two 3-story-tall architectural bays, with two columns of windows in each bay. The first-floor windows contain round arches while the second-and-third floor windows are rectangular. There are also rectangular, quarter-size window openings from the basement.[47] The wall on the right-hand (northern) side of the entrance includes a bronze plaque commemorating those who fought in World War I, which was dedicated in 1922.[21][47]

The administration building's Pacific Street facade contains seven bays, with similar window design to the Bedford Avenue facade. Each bay contains two arched windows on the first floor, and two rectangular windows on the second and third floors. The center three bays are five stories tall, with a gabled roof on top, and include arched windows on the fourth and fifth floors. The other four bays are only three stories tall. The facade of the drill hall contains ten windowless bays, separated by protruding brick pilasters.[47]

 
Northwest corner of drill shed, seen from Atlantic Avenue

The Atlantic Avenue facade of the administration building is simpler in design. It contains ten columns of windows, with arched first-floor windows and rectangular second- and third-floor windows. There are also square, half-size window openings from the basement. The drill hall facade along Atlantic Avenue is similar to that on the Pacific Street side, but contains enclosed emergency stairs.[47]

Interior

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The basement was described as being similar to that of the 13th Regiment Armory, with rifle galleries, firing rooms, squad drill rooms, large lavatories, and a bowling alley.[46] One of the largest interior features in the administration building is the Council Room, which contains a fireplace with a mantel that are both 24 feet (7.3 m) high.[4][20] The July 18, 1897, edition of the Tribune described the room: "Certainly nothing in any other American armory compares and visitors from abroad say they have never seen anything like it."[20] Another article in 1898 stated that the "company rooms are the best in all the armories of the state".[4]

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  3. ^ a b White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 685. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977, p. 1.
  5. ^ "23rd Regiment New York State Militia, New York National Guard – NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center". dmna.ny.gov. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  6. ^ "14th Regiment Armory" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. April 14, 1998. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  7. ^ "Clermont Avenue Armory". NY Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c Todd, Nancy (2006). New York's Historic Armories: An Illustrated History. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-7914-6911-8. OCLC 62697093.
  9. ^ "For a New Armory.; the State Commission Hears the Twenty-Third Regiment's Plans". The New York Times. June 11, 1889. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  10. ^ "For a New Armory". The New York Times. August 16, 1889. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Brooklyn's New Armory.; Plans Agreed Upon for the Twenty-Third Regiment's Quarters". The New York Times. December 3, 1890. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  12. ^ "Raids on the Treasury; a Legislature That Throws Economy to the Dogs. Appropriation Bills Covering Near- Ly $30,000,000 Already Intro- Duced -- the Measures Now Be- Fore the Two Branches". The New York Times. February 15, 1892. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  13. ^ "The Local Bills". Brooklyn Citizen. May 7, 1893. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2019 – via newspapers.com  .
  14. ^ "The News from Brooklyn; Matters of Political Import in the City of Churches. Congressional Appointment Bill Not a Fair One -- Chapin's Ap- Pointment Discussed --- the Ele- Vated Railroad Scandal". The New York Times. March 20, 1892. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  15. ^ "SKY AFLAME WITH LIGHTNING; VIVID FLASHES FREQUENT DURING THE RAINSTORMS. New Flagpole on the Twenty-third Regiment Armory in Brooklyn Shattered -- One on Doelgers' Brewery Also Destroyed -- Many Intermittent Showers Have Ended the Drought and Replenished the Reservoirs -- Fair To-day". The New York Times. September 9, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  16. ^ "MARCHED TO ITS NEW ARMORY.; The Twenty-third Regiment Makes a Good Showing in Brooklyn Streets". The New York Times. November 4, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  17. ^ "THE TABERNACLE SITE IS FOR SALE; The Trustees Fix the Price at $110,000 -- Prospects of a New Church". The New York Times. November 18, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  18. ^ "THE TWENTY-THIRD'S FAIR OPENED; BRILLIANT SCENE IN THE NEW BROOKLYN ARMORY. Gov. Flower, Attended by His Staff, Opened the Exhibition -- The Company Rooms". The New York Times. November 15, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  19. ^ a b c Boland, Ed Jr. (May 12, 2002). "F.y.i." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c d "Some Sights of Brooklyn". New-York Tribune. July 18, 1897. p. 26. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2019 – via newspapers.com  .
  21. ^ a b "TO UNVEIL MEMORIAL IN BROOKLYN ARMORY; Exercises for Heroes of TwentyThird Regiment Will Be Heldon Armistice Day". The New York Times. November 5, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  22. ^ Procter, Ben. William Randolph Hearst: The Later Years, 1911–1951. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532534-8 web June 27, 2014
  23. ^ Koszarski, Richard. An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. p 286. ISBN 0-520-08535-3 web June 27, 2014
  24. ^ "BROOKLYN HOME SHOW.; Twenty-third Regiment Armory to House Annual Exhibit". The New York Times. January 20, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  25. ^ See, for instance:
  26. ^ See, for instance:
  27. ^ ""COMMERCE" TAKES CUP AT POLY PREP GAMES; High School Athletes Distance Competitors for Trophy. COATES'S PLUCKY HALF-MILE Boys' Brilliant Performances Create New School Records in Twenty-third Regiment Armory". The New York Times. February 11, 1906. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  28. ^ Taylor, Ace (August 14, 2008). "Homeless Center Roils a Brooklyn Neighborhood". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  29. ^ a b c Hu, Winnie (July 6, 2015). "New York City Takes Steps to Increase the Safety of Employees at Homeless Shelters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 21, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  30. ^ Smothers, Ronald (November 19, 1986). "At Men's Shelter in Bedford-Stuyvesant, a Room for 532". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  31. ^ Gonzalez, David (July 17, 1992). "For Some, Shelters Mean Chaos and Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  32. ^ Stewart, Nikita (March 8, 2017). "Fury Over Brooklyn Shelter Reflects Difficulty of Curbing Homelessness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  33. ^ a b "Redeveloping NYC's armories: When adaptive reuse and community building bring controversy". 6sqft. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  34. ^ Mooney, Jake (May 18, 2008). "City Plans to Move Homeless Center to Brooklyn Armory". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  35. ^ a b Fahim, Kareem (August 14, 2008). "Concessions Made in Plan for Homeless in Brooklyn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  36. ^ "Inside a new security training facility at a Brooklyn shelter". www.ny1.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  37. ^ "Bedford-Atlantic Armory one of most dangerous shelters in NYC". Brooklyn Eagle. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  38. ^ Smith, Greg B. "City lying about safety at shelters by undercounting 'critical incidents'; homeless services cops say crime getting worse". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  39. ^ Taylor, Alex; Jaeger, Max (February 9, 2018). "City does nothing as rats, roaches take over homeless shelter". New York Post. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  40. ^ Nonko, Emily (August 15, 2012). "$14M Committed to Convert the Bedford-Atlantic Armory". www.brownstoner.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  41. ^ "City tanks Brooklyn armory's revival". Crain's New York Business. May 31, 2015. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  42. ^ "Bedford Atlantic Armory | Bedford Atlantic Armory Shelter". The Real Deal New York. June 1, 2015. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  43. ^ Randsen, Bradley; Olshanky, Joan R.; Spencer-Ralph, Elizabeth (November 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Twenty third Regiment Armory". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2009. See also: "Accompanying two photos". Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
  44. ^ a b c "New Buildings in Brooklyn". Harper's Weekly. 34: 619. August 9, 1890. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  45. ^ a b c "FORTRESSES FOR GUARDSMEN; THREE FINE NEW ARMORIES FOR BROOKLYN SOLDIERS. A Structure Approaching Completion in Which the Thirteenth Regiment Is to Have Its Home -- A Most Warlike Looking Building -- The Building Which Is Being Erected for the Twenty-third -- The "Fighting Fourteenth" Soon to be in New Quarters". The New York Times. November 19, 1893. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  46. ^ a b "Brooklyn's New Armories". Harper's Weekly. 36: 679. July 16, 1892. Archived from the original on June 28, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  47. ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1977, p. 2.

Sources

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