The Type 3 12 cm AA gun (三式十二糎高射砲, San-shiki jyūni-senchi Kōshahō) was an anti-aircraft gun used in quantity by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.The Type 3 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2603 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1943 in the Gregorian calendar.[2] It replaced the earlier Type 88 75 mm AA Gun in Japanese service.[3]
| Type 3 12 centimeter anti-aircraft gun | |
|---|---|
 A Japanese Type 3 anti-aircraft gun | |
| Type | Anti-aircraft gun |
| Place of origin |  Empire of Japan |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1943–1945[1] |
| Used by |  Imperial Japanese Army |
| Wars | World War II |
| Production history | |
| Produced | 1943-1945[1] |
| No. built | 157[1] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 19.8 tons |
| Barrel length | 6.71 m (20 ft) L/56 |
| Shell | 120 x 851mm .R |
| Caliber | 120 millimetres (4.7 in) |
| Barrels | single |
| Elevation | 8 to +90 degrees |
| Traverse | 360 degrees |
| Rate of fire | 20 rpm |
| Muzzle velocity | 853 m/s (2,800 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 8.5 km against a target at 12,000 m. Effective ceiling: 12,000 m (39,000 ft) |
| Maximum firing range | 11.4 km against a target at 6,000 m. Maximum ceiling: 20,000 m (66,000 ft) |
History and development
editIn order to address the shortcomings of the Type 88 75 mm AA gun, the Army Technical Bureau developed a larger version with superior range, designated the Type 3. It was one of the few weapons in the Japanese inventory capable of reaching the USAAF B-29 Superfortress bombers that were attacking cities and other targets in the Japanese home islands.[4] However, despite its superior range and firepower, the Type 3 gun could not be produced in sufficient quantities to be truly effective, due to costs, lack of raw materials and damage to Japan's industrial infrastructure by Allied air raids.
Design
edit
The Type 3 12 cm AA gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breech, mounted on a central pedestal. The firing platform was supported by five legs, each of which (along with the central pedestal) had adjustable screwed foot for leveling.[5]
Combat record
editComing into service towards the end of the war, most of the Type 3s were retained on the home islands as part of the bolstering of Japan's defenses against Allied air raids and against the perceived threat of an Allied invasion. These guns were deployed to cover military targets around Tokyo, Osaka, Kobe and the Yawata Steel Works in Kitakyushu. Overseas, they were deployed to guard the oil fields at Palembang in the Netherlands East Indies[6] Units in Tokyo were credited with downing at least ten B-29 bombers.[7]
References
editNotes
edit- ^ a b c Ness 2014, p. 186.
- ^ War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944, p. 400
- ^ Mayer, the Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. p. 64
- ^ Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.
- ^ Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.
- ^ Chant, Artillery of World War II.
- ^ MacLean. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics
Bibliography
edit- Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8
- Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2
- Mayer, S.L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. The Military Press (1884) ISBN 0-517-42313-8
- McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical Publications 1973. ISBN 0-87947-157-3.
- Ness, Leland (2014). Guide to Japanese Ground Forces 1937–1945: Volume 2: Weapons of the Imperial Japanese Army & Navy Ground Forces. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-19099-8275-8.
- US Department of War, TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8
- War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, October 1, 1944