The Type 4 Ke-Nu (四式軽戦車 ケヌ, Yon-shiki keisensha Kenu) was a light tank of the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. It was a conversion of existing Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks, re-fitted with the larger turret of the Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank.
| Type 4 Ke-Nu | |
|---|---|
 Type 4 Ke-Nu light tank | |
| Type | Light tank |
| Place of origin | Empire of Japan |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1944 |
| Produced | 1944 |
| No. built | approx. 100[1] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 8.4 tons[2] |
| Length | 4.30 meters |
| Width | 2.0 meters |
| Height | 2.0 meters |
| Crew | 3[1] |
| Armor | 6–25 mm |
Main armament | Type 97 57 mm tank gun |
Secondary armament | 2x Type 97 7.7 mm machine guns |
| Engine | Mitsubishi A6120VDe air-cooled inline 6-cylinder diesel 120 HP[1] |
| Power/weight | - |
| Suspension | bell crank |
Operational range | 240 km |
| Maximum speed | 40 km/h[1] |
History and development
edit
The Type 4 Ke-Nu was a variant of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank.[3] The original Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank was armed with a low muzzle velocity 57 mm tank gun. Operational experience against the Soviet Red Army at Nomonhan during the Soviet–Japanese border conflicts in 1939 revealed that this gun was inadequate against opposing armor, and a new higher velocity 47 mm tank gun was developed. This was installed in the Type 97 Chi-Ha with a larger turret to produce the Type 97-kai Shinhoto version.[1][4] This left a large number of surplus Type 97 Chi-Ha turrets, which were later retrofitted onto the hulls of the obsolete Type 95 Ha-Go light tank. The result was designated the Type 4 Ke-Nu.[5] The retrofitting did decrease the problem of cramped turret place for the crew, which had been encountered in an earlier attempt to up-gun Type 95 light tanks with a 57 mm tank gun in a modified turret of a prototype known as the Type 3 Ke-Ri light tank.[6] As for the Type 4 Ke-Nu, one estimate lists a number of 100 units as being converted late in World War II.[1]
Design
editEssentially a Type 95 light tank with a Type 97 medium tank gun turret, the Type 4 Ke-Nu had slightly better firepower, but the retrofitting increased the weight of the tank to 8.4 tons.[2] This reduced the top speed of the tank to 40 km/h.[1] Given the replacement turret had thicker armor, it did provide the crew with some additional protection in that area, but did nothing to alleviate the Type 95's greatest weakness of the lack of suitable armor protection for the hull. Maximum armor protection for the tank (25 mm) was provided by the Type 97 turret, but it was defeated by the 37 mm, 75 mm and 2-pounders mounted on Allied tanks.
Combat record
edit
The conversion coming in 1944 was too late to make any impact on Japanese combat operations, and most of the Type 4 Ke-Nu tanks were retained in the Japanese home islands in anticipation of the projected American invasion. Some were assigned to units in Korea and Manchukuo, and saw brief combat against Soviet Red Army forces in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.[1] A surviving Type 4 Ke-Nu captured in Manchukuo is on display in Moscow at the Kubinka Tank Museum.
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h History of War: Type 4 Ke-Nu Light Tank
- ^ a b Hara 1973, p. 13.
- ^ Zaloga 2007, p. 18.
- ^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 13, 14.
- ^ Zaloga 2007, pp. 14, 18.
- ^ History of War: Type 3 Ke-Ri
References
edit- Hara, Tomio (1973). Japanese Combat Cars, Light Tanks, and Tankettes. AFV Weapons Profile No. 54. Profile Publications Limited.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-8460-3091-8.