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1957 Pacific typhoon season

(Redirected from Typhoon Bess (1957))

The 1957 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1957, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

1957 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJanuary 3, 1957
Last system dissipatedNovember 23, 1957
Strongest storm
NameLola
 • Maximum winds295 km/h (185 mph)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure900 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions27
Total storms22
Typhoons18
Super typhoons8 (unofficial)
Total fatalities644
Total damageUnknown
Related articles
Pacific typhoon seasons
1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the International Date Line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1957 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Fleet Weather Center on Guam.

Systems

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Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
Most intense Pacific typhoon seasons
Rank Seasons ACE value
1 1997 570.4
2 2004 480.6
3 1992 470.1
4 2015 462.9
5 1994 454.6
6 1958 445.8
7 1957 440.2
8 1965 436.2
9 1962 423
10 1996 416.5
Source:[1]

Twenty-two tropical storms developed in 1957 in the Northwestern Pacific. Tropical depressions were likely, but no records are known to exist that would mention any. Eighteen storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 8 reached super typhoon strength. An additional storm, Della, came across the Dateline from the Central Pacific, therefore it is not taken account in the total number of storms.

Tropical Storm 01W

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationJanuary 3 – January 7
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (1-min);
995 hPa (mbar)

The first tropical cyclone of the 1957 season, classified as Tropical Storm 01W by the JTWC,[2] was initially identified early on January 3 as a tropical depression over open waters east of the Philippines.[3][4] Within several hours, the system intensified into a tropical storm as it tracked west-northwestward. Later that day, the storm attained its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph (72 km/h)[3] and a barometric pressure of 995 millibars (29.4 inHg).[4] Tropical Storm 01W maintained this intensity through January 5 before abruptly weakening to a tropical depression near the eastern Philippines. The system made landfall in eastern Leyte early on January 6 with winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) before dissipating the following day over Romblon.[3][4]

Typhoon Rose

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJanuary 21 – January 30
Peak intensity250 km/h (155 mph) (1-min);
952 hPa (mbar)

About two weeks after Tropical Storm 01W dissipated over the Philippines, a new tropical depression formed to the southeast of Guam on January 21. Gradual intensification took place as the depression tracked westward.[4] The JTWC began monitoring the system as Tropical Storm Rose the following day,[2] with the first advisory on the storm placing maximum winds at 50 mph (80 km/h). Rose maintained this intensity for roughly 24 hours before undergoing a brief period of rapid intensification, attaining winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) early on January 23. For most of the day, the now Category 2 typhoon, strengthened at a more modest rate before undergoing a second brief period of rapid intensification. At the end of the second strengthening phase, Rose had attained its peak intensity just below Category 5 status, on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, with winds of 155 mph (249 km/h),[5] and a minimum pressure of 952 millibars (28.1 inHg).[4] Upon attaining this intensity, Rose became the most intense January typhoon on record, surpassing that of Super Typhoon Karen in 1948.[5][6]

After attaining its peak intensity, Rose began to take a more northerly track and weakened. Late on January 25, Rose rapidly weakened to a low-end typhoon and by January 26, the system had further weakened to a tropical storm. The JTWC continued to monitor the weakening tropical storm until January 27, by which time Rose had maximum winds of 40 mph (64 km/h).[5] However, the JMA continued monitoring the remnants of Rose as it turned sharply eastward over open waters. During the afternoon of January 28, the depression nearly stalled as it turned northward before accelerating and losing its identity south of Japan on January 30.[4]

Typhoon Shirley

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationApril 11 – April 18
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (1-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

Shirley formed on April 11 east of the Philippines. It moved north and intensified to its brief peak of 115 mph (185 km/h) winds and a pressure of 975 mbar on April 15. Shirley then turned to the northwest and weakened to a tropical storm on April 16. Shirley turned to the west and dissipated on April 18 near the northern end of Luzon.

Typhoon Trix

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationMay 2 – May 16
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (1-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Trix formed on May 2 near the Marshall Islands. It moved north briefly on May 3 and May 4, intensified to its peak of 140 mph (230 km/h) on May 5, and then turned to the west-northwest. Trix turned to the north on May 9 and to the east-northeast on May 10, weakening to a Category 2 typhoon on May 11. Trix continued to move northeast and weakened to a Category 1 typhoon on May 13. It dissipated on May 17 just over the Date Line without affecting any land.

Typhoon Virginia

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJune 18 – June 26
Peak intensity280 km/h (175 mph) (1-min);
900 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Virginia (1957)

Virginia formed on June 18 in the open western Pacific east of the southern Philippines. It moved west and strengthened to a typhoon on June 20 and reached its peak of 175 mph (282 km/h)and a minimum central pressure of 900 mbar on June 22. Virginia then began to move northwest and weakened to a Category 4 typhoon as it passed east of Luzon on June 23 and June 24. It turned northward on June 24, strengthened to a secondary peak of 160 mph (260 km/h), and weakened before it made landfall in Taiwan on June 25 as a Category 2 typhoon. Virginia then continued to move north and then northeast until its dissipation on June 28.

Virginia was an early season typhoon. It destroyed 1,000 buildings and killed 86 people as it sliced through Taiwan and southern Japan. The storm left $20 million (1957 USD) in damage.[7]

Typhoon Wendy

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationJuly 10 – July 18
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (1-min);
985 hPa (mbar)

Wendy formed on July 10, and took a western path. It was projected to make landfall in the Philippines, which it did do on July 14 with 105 mph winds and a pressure of 985 mbar. After landfall, it weakened to a category one typhoon, but restrengthened after reaching the Pacific Ocean again. It battered Hong Kong when it struck it on July 16. When typhoon Wendy initially hit, it injured 8 people, killed 8 people, and 1 was missing but as it continued to pass on the death toll raised to 16.[8]

Typhoon Agnes

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 11 – August 22
Peak intensity250 km/h (155 mph) (1-min);
905 hPa (mbar)

On August 12, the seventh storm of the season formed. Agnes moved in an erratic northern direction until August 16, when it briefly turned to the northwest toward China. Agnes then began to curve towards the north, passing over one of the Ryukyu Islands with 155 mph winds and a minimum central pressure of 905 mbar. After it passed over the islands, Agnes weakened to tropical storm strength. On August 21, South Korea was struck by a 50 mph Agnes; their 1st[clarification needed] tropical cyclone of the season. It passed over the peninsula and briefly was over water before it hit Russia with 45 mph winds. Agnes became extratropical the next day over southern Russia. Its extratropical form continued for two more days until it dissipated in the center of the Sea of Okhotsk.

Tropical Storm 08W

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 13 – August 20
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (1-min);
984 hPa (mbar)

08W formed on August 15, becoming the 8th of the season. It moved in a generally westward direction for a couple days until it struck Hainan on August 18 with 65 mph winds and a minimum pressure of 984 mbar. It moved south over land, retaining its strength. It soon moved north again, but suddenly turned southwest for a brief time before it returned to its original path. It weakened to a tropical depression on August 20 and struck mainland China later that day. It almost became extratropical almost at the same time. Ex-08W lingered northeast until the 24th, when the last of it was gone after ten days in existence.

JMA Tropical Storm Nine

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Tropical storm (JMA)
DurationAugust 22 – August 24
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

A disturbance close to Japan's coast developed into a tropical depression on August 22, and became a tropical storm 6 hours later. It managed to achieve a minimum central pressure of 999 mbar before it struck the southeastern portion of Japan. It weakened to a tropical depression shortly before landfall though, and became extratropical the next day. But its extratropical remnants continued to move north-northeast, then northeast, and then east-northeast until it dissipated on August 27.

Typhoon Bess

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationAugust 26 – September 7
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (1-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Bess formed on August 26 close to the Marshall Islands. After moving westward, Bess attained Category 3 status with 115 mph winds a pressure of 950 mbar. It hit southern Japan on September 6 and later became extratropical over water on September 9. But the extratropical form of Bess continued east for one more day before it became disorganized enough to be declared dissipated.

On August 30, the typhoon battered the United States military base on Iwo Jima with winds of 110 mph (180 km/h), resulting in communication loss for roughly 23 hours. After communication was restored, officials on the island stated that there was likely no loss of life as a result of the storm.[9] Little damage also took place throughout Iwo Jima.[10]

Widespread damage took place throughout Kyushu as wind gusts up to 115 mph (185 km/h) and torrential rains impacted the region.[11] Along coastal regions, waves exceeding 13 ft (4.0 m) caused significant coastal damage.[12] In Kyushu, at least six people were killed, 14 others listed as missing and 28 more injured as a result of Bess.[13] According to police reports, 912 homes were destroyed and 1,522 others were severely damaged by flooding and landslides triggered by Typhoon Bess.[11] An additional 2,510 homes sustained minor damage.[13] Throughout Japan, an estimated 24,000 people were left homeless in the wake of the storm.[11] In all, at least 20 people were killed as a result of Bess in Japan.[14]

Typhoon Carmen

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 6 – September 16
Peak intensity205 km/h (125 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Carmen formed on September 9 north-northeast of the Philippines. It slowly moved north and the west over the course of three days, until it strengthened to a tropical storm. Carmen headed south briefly before heading east-northeast, when it began to strengthen even more. Carmen reached winds of 125 mph and a pressure of 960 mbar. But shortly thereafter, the strengthening stopped, and it slowly weakened. On September 15, Carmen made landfall in southern China and dissipated the following day.

Typhoon Della

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 9 (Entered basin) – September 17
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

A disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone developed into Tropical Storm Della on September 1. Della moved west-northwestward, strengthening to a hurricane while west of Hawaii. There, it brought heavy surf to the western islands. The hurricane continued generally westward, moving to the southwest while crossing the International Date Line. It turned westward and the northwestward. During its long northwestward trek, Della reached its peak intensity of 140 mph and a minimum central pressure of ≤960 mbar. On September 14, Della began to travel a completely opposite direction-northeast. It continued that direction for a number of days, until it reached the Dateline as a 70 mph tropical storm. As the storm was crossing the date line, it turned sharply to the north-northeast. A few days later, Della turned east-northeast and dissipated on September 18.

Typhoon Elaine

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 14 – September 19
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (1-min);
945 hPa (mbar)

On September 14, in the open Pacific, Elaine was formed. It moved in a generally northwestward direction while gaining strength. Its peak intensity was 140 mph and a pressure of 945 mbar. But it turned sharply to the northeast and lost strength. On its penultimate day as a tropical cyclone, it turned eastward and became extratropical the next day. Elaine's extratropical form continued one more day, and dissipated, one week since its formation, just over the Dateline.

Typhoon Faye

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 17 – September 27
Peak intensity260 km/h (160 mph) (1-min);
930 hPa (mbar)

Faye formed on September 18. It strengthened at a moderate pace until it reached its peak of 160 mph (260 km/h) and 930 mbar. After weakening, it struck Okinawa as a Category 2 typhoon; Faye battered the island, which was still recovering from Typhoon Emma that struck the same area a year ago. 53 people died in its wake, while 79 were listed as missing. Faye also left damages, straining the expensive budget caused by past and future typhoons that struck the island. Faye passed over the Date Line and shortly after became extratropical on the last day of the month, but continued one more day as an extratropical system before it met its demise.[citation needed]

Typhoon Gloria

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationSeptember 17 – September 24
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (1-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

Gloria formed on September 17. After crossing the Philippines as a category two, it brought hurricane winds to Hong Kong and strong winds to Macau.[15] After landfall, it moved east and met its demise on September 24. It had a minimum central pressure of 980 mbar and maximum winds of 105 mph.

Typhoon Hester

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 3 – October 10
Peak intensity240 km/h (150 mph) (1-min);
900 hPa (mbar)

Hester formed on October 3, several hundred miles east of the Philippines. At first, it slowly intensified, then rapid intensification occurred, reaching its peak strength of 150 mph while southeast of Japan. It then gradually weakened, weakening to a tropical storm southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It then further weakened, dissipating just north of the Aleutian Islands.

Typhoon Irma

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 9 – October 13
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (1-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Irma formed on October 9, west of the Philippines. The tropical cyclone strengthened to a category one typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph and a minimum central pressure 990 mbar. It moved west, and hit Vietnam with 80 mph winds and a minimum central pressure of 995 mbar. It dissipated on October 13, over the Thailand–Laos border.

Typhoon Irma brought torrential rains and high winds to Vietnam, resulting in nine fatalities and an estimated $2 million in damage.[16]

Tropical Storm 17W

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Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 11 – October 15
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm 17W formed on October 11. Later, it hit the Philippines as a tropical depression once, then again as a tropical depression, but actually strengthened to tropical storm strength while over land. It continued west-northwest until it struck China. It dissipated around the same moment it made landfall on October 15. 16W had maximum sustained winds of 50 mph and a minimum central pressure of 1000 mbar.

Typhoon Judy

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationOctober 19 – October 26
Peak intensity240 km/h (150 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Judy formed on October 19, in the open Pacific. It moved westward and strengthened into a super typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph and a minimum central pressure of 960 mbar. It then began to curve north, therefore weakening. Judy passed by Japan, but far away enough to avoid damage. Soon after that, it began to move east and then east-northeast as a tropical storm. Judy dissipated on October 30, just over the Date Line.

Typhoon Kit

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationNovember 4 – November 16
Peak intensity260 km/h (160 mph) (1-min);
910 hPa (mbar)

On November 6, Kit formed in the same general area as Super Typhoon Judy did. It moved westward and slowly strengthened. But after reaching tropical storm-strength, Kit's intensification rapidly quickened. It briefly became a category five super typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph and a minimum central pressure of 910 mbar. After weakening slightly, Kit struck the northern Philippines as a Category 4 on November 11. After exiting land, Kit restrengthened into a Category 1 . It became extratropical on November 17 and dissipated shortly thereafter.

Torrential rains and high winds impacted much of northern Luzon, Philippines during a country-wide election. Nearly half of the 7.2 million people expected to vote were effected by the typhoon. Severe property damage took place[17] and at least 19 people were killed in the country as a result of the storm.[18] Thousands of people were also left homeless in the wake of the typhoon.[19]

Typhoon Lola

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationNovember 8 – November 20
Peak intensity295 km/h (185 mph) (1-min);
900 hPa (mbar)

Lola formed on November 7 in the open Pacific. It moved west for a while before it shifted to a more northern position. It was shortly after that Lola had maximum sustained winds of 185 mph and a minimum central pressure of 900 mbar. Then Lola weakened and slowly curved east. It weakened to a tropical storm, then back to category one. But Lola was too far north to retain the strength and weakened even more. Lola dissipated on November 22, well over the Dateline. At some point, Lola hit Guam[20] and caused areas in Merizo to flood four to five feet.[21] In addition, damage was recorded in the Bikini Atoll after Lola passed near Kili Island. Crops were destroyed and the island's supply ship was sunk.[22]

Typhoon Mamie

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Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
DurationNovember 17 – November 23
Peak intensity205 km/h (125 mph) (1-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

On November 17, Tropical Storm Mamie developed over the open Pacific Ocean, in a way similar to Typhoon Lola's formation, but moved northwest instead. As soon as Mamie began to curved north, it attained its maximum sustained winds of 125 mph and minimum central pressure of 960 mbar. But then it moved east-northeast and rapidly weakened. Mamie moved north and became extratropical on November 24, and dissipated on November 25.

Season statistics

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Impact

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This table summarizes the death toll for selected cyclones. This table is restricted to storms that threatened land only. The color behind the date and location of landfall indicates its strength at that landfall or near miss.

Death toll (summary)
Name Date of strike Location Deaths
01W January 6 Near Leyte, the Philippines NA
Virginia June 25 Near Pl-Lam, Taiwan 86
June 27 Near Nagasaki, Japan
Wendy July 14 Near Isabela, Philippines 16
July 16 Near Hong Kong
Agnes August 21 Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea NA
August 21 Primorsky Krai, Russia
08W August 18 Hainan, China NA
August 20 Guangdong, China
unnamed August 23 Kōchi, Japan NA
Bess September 6 Kagoshima, Japan NA
September 7 Ehime, Japan
September 7 Akita, Japan
Carmen September 15 Fujian, China NA
Faye 79
Gloria September 20 Isabela, Philippines NA
September 22 Macau, Portugal (now China)
Irma September 12 Nam Trung Bộ, Vietnam NA
16W September 12 Camarines Sur, Philippines NA
September 13 Quezon, Philippines
September 15 Guangdong, China
Kit September 11 Aurora, Philippines NA

Storm names

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The names use are the same as when they were last used, except for Virginia and Wendy, which replaced Vae and Wilma.

  • Agnes 07W
  • Bess 09W
  • Carmen 10W
  • Della
  • Elaine 11W
  • Faye 13W
  • Gloria 13W
  • Hester 14W
  • Irma 15W
  • Judy 17W
  • Kit 18W
  • Lola 19W
  • Mamie 20W
  • Nina
  • Ophelia
  • Phyllis
  • Rita
  • Susan
  • Tess
  • Viola
  • Winnie
  • Alice
  • Betty
  • Cora
  • Doris
  • Elsie
  • Flossie
  • Grace
  • Helen
  • Ida
  • June
  • Kathy
  • Lorna
  • Marie
  • Nancy
  • Olga
  • Pamela
  • Ruby
  • Sally
  • Tilda
  • Violet
  • Wilda
  • Anita
  • Billie
  • Clara
  • Dot
  • Ellen
  • Fran
  • Georgia
  • Hope
  • Iris
  • Joan
  • Kate
  • Louise
  • Marge
  • Nora
  • Opal
  • Patsy
  • Ruth
  • Sarah
  • Thelma
  • Vera
  • Wanda
  • Amy
  • Babs
  • Charlotte
  • Dinah
  • Emma
  • Freda
  • Gilda
  • Harriet
  • Ivy
  • Jean
  • Karen
  • Lucille
  • Mary
  • Nadine
  • Olive
  • Polly
  • Rose 02W
  • Shirley 03W
  • Trix 04W
  • Virginia 05W
  • Wendy 06W

One eastern Pacific storm, Hurricane Della, crossed into this basin. It became Typhoon Della, keeping its original name (even though its name was from the West Pacific list) and "C" suffix. In addition, Hurricane Nina formed in the Central Pacific, and remained in the basin. It received a name on the West Pacific list; but doesn't count as part of the 1957 Pacific typhoon season.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northwestpacific
  2. ^ a b Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2001). "Western North Pacific TC Cross-validation and Correction Records, 1950-2000". United States Navy. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  3. ^ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1958). "Tropical Storm 01W Best Track". United States Navy. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "JMA Best Tracks for 1951-1960". Japan Meteorological Agency. 1961. Archived from the original on May 21, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1958). "Super Typhoon 02W Best Track". United States Navy. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  6. ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1949). "Super Typhoon 01W (1948) Best Track". United States Navy. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  7. ^ "Tcidwnp". Archived from the original on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2009-12-24.
  8. ^ "Typhoon wendy toll now 16". New York Times Database. 18 July 1957. ProQuest 114117867.
  9. ^ "Contact Regained". The Dispatch. Associated Press. August 31, 1957. p. 1. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  10. ^ "Typhoon Heads Towards Japan". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. September 2, 1957. p. 1. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Staff Writer (September 8, 1957). "Typhoon 'Bess' Pounds Japan". Times Daily. p. 4. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  12. ^ "Waves Pound Japan Isle". The Hartford Courant. Associated Press. September 4, 1957. p. 15.
  13. ^ a b Staff Writer (September 9, 1957). "Typhoon Kills Six, 14 Missing in Japan". Chicago Tribune. p. 1.
  14. ^ "Typhoon Subsides". The Dispatch. Associated Press. September 7, 1957. p. 1. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  15. ^ Typhoon Gloria
  16. ^ "Typhoon Kills 9 in Vietnam". New York Times. October 26, 1957. p. 8.
  17. ^ "Storm Cuts Balloting Some Polling Places Swept Away In Philippines". Reading Eagle. Associated Press. November 11, 1957. p. 23. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  18. ^ United Press International (November 13, 1957). "Typhoon Kit Heads The For Ryukyu Islands". The Milwaukee Journal. p. 73. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  19. ^ Staff Writer (November 25, 1957). "The Philippines: Splitting the Ticket". The Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2010.
  20. ^ Guam: Inarajan - Memories: Chronology
  21. ^ "Typhoon Havens Handbook for the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans (U) UNCLASSIFIED". Archived from the original on 2005-03-16. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
  22. ^ bikinihisory Archived 2007-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
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