Wikipedia

Typhoon Hagibis

(Redirected from Typhoon Hagibis (2019))
This article is about the 2019 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Hagibis.

Typhoon Hagibis, known in Japan as Typhoon No.19 or Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon (令和元年東日本台風, Reiwa Gannen Higashi-Nihon Taifū),[1] was a large and costly tropical cyclone that caused widespread destruction in Japan. The thirty-eighth depression, nineteenth tropical storm, ninth typhoon, and third super typhoon of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season, it was the strongest typhoon to strike mainland Japan in decades, and one of the largest typhoons ever recorded, with a peak gale-force diameter of 825 nautical miles (949 mi; 1,528 km). The typhoon raised global media attention, as it greatly affected the 2019 Rugby World Cup being hosted by Japan.[2] Hagibis was also the deadliest typhoon to strike Japan since Typhoon Fran in 1976.[3]

Typhoon Hagibis
Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon
Hagibis at peak intensity over the Northern Mariana Islands on October 7
Meteorological history
FormedOctober 4, 2019
ExtratropicalOctober 13, 2019
DissipatedOctober 22, 2019
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds295 km/h (185 mph)
Lowest pressure890 hPa (mbar); 26.28 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities139 (118 direct, 21 indirect)
Missing3
Damage$17.3 billion (2019 USD)
(Second-costliest typhoon on record in nominal terms; third-costliest typhoon when adjusted for inflation)
Areas affectedMariana Islands, Japan, Russia, Alaska
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season

Hagibis developed from a tropical disturbance located a couple hundred miles north of the Marshall Islands on October 2, 2019. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a red tropical cyclone formation alert—noting that the disturbance could undergo rapid intensification upon being identified as a tropical depression. On the next day, October 3, both the Japan Meteorological Agency and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began issuing advisories on Tropical Depression 20W. The depression stayed at the same intensity as it travelled west toward the Mariana Islands on October 4, but on October 5, 20W began undergoing rapid intensification and early that day, the system was issued with the name Hagibis by the JMA, which means "speed" in Filipino. Sea surface temperatures and wind shear became extremely favourable for tropical cyclogenesis and Hagibis started extremely rapid intensification on October 6, and became a Category 5 super typhoon in under 12 hours—the second of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season. Edging closer to the uninhabited areas of the Mariana Islands, Hagibis displayed excellent convection as well as a well-defined circulation. The system developed a pinhole eye and made landfall on the Northern Mariana Islands at peak intensity, with 10-minute sustained winds of 105 kn (195 km/h; 120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg).[4]

Land interaction did not affect Hagibis much, but as the system continued to move westward, it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle, which is usual for all tropical cyclones of a similar intensity. The inner eyewall was robbed of its needed moisture and Hagibis began to weaken, but the storm developed a large, cloud-filled eye, which then became clear, and Hagibis restrengthened to reach its second peak. Travelling toward Japan, Hagibis encountered high vertical wind shear and its inner eyewall began to degrade, and the outer eyewalls rapidly eroded as its center began to be exposed. On October 12, Hagibis made landfall on Japan at 19:00 JST (10:00 UTC) on the Izu Peninsula near Shizuoka. Then, an hour later at 20:00 JST (11:00 UTC), Hagibis made its second landfall on Japan in the Greater Tokyo Area. Due to increasing wind shear at 60 knots (69 mph; 110 km/h), its structure became torn apart as it sped at 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h) north-northeast toward more hostile conditions. On October 13, Hagibis became an extratropical low and the JMA and JTWC issued their final advisories on the system. However, the extratropical remnant of Hagibis persisted for more than a week, before dissipating on October 22. Hagibis caused catastrophic destruction across much of eastern Japan. Hagibis spawned a large tornado on October 12, which struck the Ichihara area of Chiba Prefecture during the onset of Hagibis; the tornado, along with a 5.7 magnitude earthquake off the coast, caused additional damage to those areas that were damaged by Hagibis.[5][6] Hagibis caused more than $17 billion (2019 USD) in damages, making it, at the time, the costliest typhoon on record until it was beaten by Typhoon Doksuri of 2023 (when not adjusted for inflation).[7]

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

In early October, a poorly-organized and broad area of storms persisted over 1,500 km (930 mi) east of Guam. With favorable atmospheric conditions and warm sea surface temperatures prevailing, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began noting the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis on October 4,[8] eventually issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert the next day.[9] The system initially remained stationary,[10] consolidating a center of circulation in the lower levels of the atmosphere.[9] The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) declared the disturbance a tropical depression at 00:00 UTC on October 5.[4] At the time, the system was 1,030 km (640 mi) northeast of Pohnpei, quickly developing cumulonimbus clouds around its center and establishing conducive outflow as it tracked west around the periphery of an area of high pressure.[11][12] The tropical depression strengthened into a tropical storm by 18:00 UTC on October 5 while 1,560 km (970 mi) east of Guam,[4] gaining the name Hagibis.[13] A dominant curved rainband had begun to wrap around the center of Hagibis, signifying further organization.[14] On October 6, the storm made a slight turn towards the west-southwest and began an accelerated period of intensification within an environment with low wind shear and atop warm waters,[15][4] reaching severe tropical storm intensity at 12:00 UTC and typhoon strength six hours later as it developed a small eye.[4][16]

Typhoon Hagibis entered a period of explosive intensification on October 7,[17] with its central pressure falling 55 hPa (mbar; 1.62 inHg) in 12 hours according to the JMA.[4] Estimates from the JTWC suggested a 185 km/h (115 mph) increase in the storm's maximum winds in 22 hours. During this phase, Hagibis maintained a pinhole eye 9 km (5.6 mi) across, encircled by a highly compact and sharply-defined eyewall.[17] The rate of intensification was among the fastest observed in the Western Pacific.[18] According to the JMA, Hagibis reached its peak intensity at 09:00 UTC on October 7 with a minimum pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.02 inHg) and 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (121 mph); Hagibis would maintain this intensity for 72 hours.[4] The JTWC classified Hagibis as a super typhoon early on October 7,[19] and later assessed peak 1-minute sustained winds of 295 km/h (185 mph), while also estimating a pressure of 890 hPa (mbar; 26.28 inHg), as Hagibis passed just south of Anatahan in the Northern Mariana Islands.[20] Hagibis was unusually rapid in its trek through the Mariana Islands, traveling with a forward motion of 27–34 km/h (17–21 mph).[21]

 
Typhoon Hagibis making landfall on Japan, first on the Izu Peninsula and then near Yokohama.

After passing the Mariana Islands, Hagibis began an eyewall replacement cycle, which caused the rapid intensification phase to end. As the primary eyewall began to erode,[22] the JTWC downgraded the typhoon to a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon at 00:00 UTC on October 8. Several hours later, Hagibis completed the eyewall replacement cycle and reintensified to Category 5-equivalent intensity, attaining a secondary peak intensity with 1-minute sustained winds of 280 km/h (175 mph). Hagibis began to weaken on October 10, as sea surface temperatures decreased and wind shear increased. Mild strengthening was forecast shortly after Hagibis downgraded to a Category 3 typhoon, but this prediction failed to materialize, as the storm neared land and its outer rainbands began to erode. After gradual weakening, Hagibis made landfall on Shizuoka as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of 155 km/h (96 mph), at around 08:30 UTC on October 12. While over Japan, Hagibis became disorganized from high wind shear and eventually became extratropical on October 13.[23] Afterward, the extratropical remnant of Hagibis accelerating northeastward, for the next few days. From October 16 to 20, Hagibis made a counter-clockwise loop over the western Bering Sea, while gradually weakening. Afterward, the remnant of Hagibis drifted southwestward and then eastward, before dissipating on October 22.

Preparations

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Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

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On October 7, U.S. president Donald Trump approved an emergency declaration and evacuation orders for Guam and the Mariana Islands ahead of Hagibis, with typhoon warnings issued on the islands of Saipan, Tinian, Alamagan, and Pagan.[24]

Japan

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Shelves in shops around Tokyo were quickly cleared, as people bought supplies ahead of Hagibis making landfall.

Forecasts across eastern, western, and northern Japan called for strong winds and torrential rain that would likely cause flooding and mudslides.[25] JR Group, Japan Airlines, and All Nippon Airways suspended services.[26] JMA weather forecaster, Yasushi Kajiwara, said, "It is a level 5 situation; some sort of disaster may have already taken place. People are strongly advised to act to protect their lives right away."[27] Evacuation orders have been issued to more than 800,000 households across 11 prefectures.[28] Over 230,000 people took the advice to head to evacuation shelters.[29]

The typhoon had effects on several major sporting events occurring in Japan. Three matches of the 2019 Rugby World Cup were cancelled due to Hagibis, including the Pool B matches between New Zealand and Italy, and Canada and Namibia, and the Pool C match between England and France. This marked the first time that matches have been cancelled in the history of the Rugby World Cup.[30][31] All cancelled matches were counted as draws: the cancelled fixture effectively eliminated Italy from the tournament, as they had a chance to potentially qualify for the knockout stage with a sufficient margin of victory against New Zealand.[32]

On October 11, it was announced that the Saturday practice session for the 2019 Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka Circuit would be cancelled, and the Saturday qualifying session was postponed to Sunday morning prior to the race.[33] The F4 Japanese Championship cancelled its round at the circuit as well.[34] Nippon Professional Baseball postponed both Game 4 Climax Series games in the 2019 Pacific League Climax Series and the 2019 Central League Climax Series, despite the games being played indoors in domed stadiums[a]. Both games were planned to take place on Saturday, October 12, one in Tokorozawa, Saitama, and the other in Bunkyō, Tokyo. The games were instead played the next day on Sunday, October 13.[35]

a The Belluna Dome, where the 2019 Pacific League Climax Series was being held, lacks a wall behind the stands despite being a closed roof stadium.

Impact

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Costliest known Pacific typhoons (adjusted for inflation)
Rank Typhoon Season Damage
(2023 USD)
1 Doksuri 2023 $28.4 billion
2 Mireille 1991 $22.4 billion
3 Hagibis 2019 $20.6 billion
4 Jebi 2018 $17 billion
5 Yagi 2024 $16.6 billion
6 Songda 2004 $15 billion
7 Fitow 2013 $13.6 billion
8 Faxai 2019 $11.9 billion
9 Saomai 2000 $11.1 billion
10 Lekima 2019 $11.1 billion
Source: [1]
Significant typhoons with special names[36]
(from the Japan Meteorological Agency)
Name Number Japanese name
Ida T4518 Makurazaki Typhoon (枕崎台風)[37][38]
Louise T4523 Akune Typhoon (阿久根台風)
Marie T5415 Tōya Maru Typhoon (洞爺丸台風)
Ida T5822 Kanogawa Typhoon (狩野川台風)
Sarah T5914 Miyakojima Typhoon (宮古島台風)
Vera T5915 Isewan Typhoon (伊勢湾台風)
Nancy T6118 2nd Muroto Typhoon (第2室戸台風)
Cora T6618 2nd Miyakojima Typhoon (第2宮古島台風)
Della T6816 3rd Miyakojima Typhoon (第3宮古島台風)
Babe T7709 Okinoerabu Typhoon (沖永良部台風)
Faxai T1915 Reiwa 1 Bōsō Peninsula Typhoon (令和元年房総半島台風)
Hagibis T1919 Reiwa 1 East Japan Typhoon (令和元年東日本台風)

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

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The Mariana Islands were glanced by Typhoon Hagibis. Acting Governor Arnold Palacios began giving "all-clear" signals based on information from the National Weather Service and CNMI Emergency Operations Center. Communities have been cleaning up debris and all evacuation centers are now closed. On October 12, most utilities were restored and had started reopening.[39]

Japan

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An aerial view of flooding in Nagano, Japan.

Early on October 12, a tornado struck Ichihara City, which killed one person and left two people injured.[40] In the afternoon, some areas of Japan suffered heavy flooding, with tens of thousands of homes without power. The Japan Meteorological Agency warned that high winds could cause further flooding and landslides. The agency issued evacuation advisories in high-risk areas.[41] Over 76 centimetres (30 in) of rain fell in parts of Japan. Japan's Fire and Disaster Management Agency stated that at 139 have been confirmed dead of which 118 were directly caused and 21 post-disaster and 3 people missing, with 388 people injured by the storm, 48 of which seriously.[42] More than 270,000 households lost power across the country.[43] Ten trains of the Hokuriku Shinkansen Line in Nagano City were inundated by flood waters, leading to the scrapping of the trains and a loss of ¥32.8 billion (US$300 million).[44] Total economic losses across the nation were huge, which stood at ¥1.88 trillion (US$17.3 billion).[7]

At around 18:22 JST (09:22 UTC) on October 12, a magnitude 5.7 earthquake occurred off the coast of Chiba Prefecture, worsening the dangerous conditions already created by Hagibis.[45]

 
Hino Bridge above Tama River, damaged by Typhoon Hagibis

Hagibis also led to the cancellation of several sporting events, such as three Rugby World Cup 2019 matches; involving Namibia versus Canada, New Zealand versus Italy, and England versus France,[46][47] and the third practice and qualifying for the Japanese Grand Prix.[33] Qualifying for the Grand Prix was rescheduled to the Sunday morning before the race.

Retirement

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Due to the severe impacts of Typhoon Hagibis in Japan, the name Hagibis was officially retired during the 52nd Annual Session, organized by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2020. In February 2021, the Typhoon Committee subsequently chose Ragasa as its replacement name.[48]

See also

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Historical comparisons to Hagibis:

  • Typhoon Ida (1958) – An intense, but deadlier typhoon that also affected similar areas; known as the Kanogawa Typhoon in Japan.
  • Typhoon Tip (1979) – The largest and most intense tropical cyclone on record, which took a similar path to Hagibis.
  • Typhoon Mireille (1991) – A powerful typhoon that hit Japan and became the costliest typhoon on record, adjusted for inflation.
  • Typhoon Higos (2002) – A strong typhoon which was slightly weaker than Hagibis but had a comparable track and also affected Japan.
  • Typhoon Ma-on (2004) – Another intense typhoon which also had a similar track to Hagibis and also affected the Japanese Grand Prix.
  • Typhoon Phanfone (2014) – Another strong typhoon that made a comparable trajectory; also affected the Japanese Grand Prix.
  • Typhoon Jebi (2018) – The costliest typhoon on record in Japan in terms of insured losses.
  • Typhoon Faxai (2019) – Another powerful typhoon which struck Japan a few weeks before Hagibis.

References

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  1. ^ "気象庁が名称を定めた気象・地震・火山現象一覧" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  2. ^ "Jaw-dropping sport moments of 2019: Japan stun Scotland and shake up Rugby World Cup". December 26, 2019.
  3. ^ Hays, Jeffrey. "Typhoons in Japan". Facts and Details. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kitamoto, Asanobu (2019). "Typhoon 201919 (HAGIBIS) - Detailed Track Information". Digital Typhoon. Tokyo, Japan: National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  5. ^ Motoko, Rich (October 12, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis Slams Into Japan, After Landslides, Floods and a Quake". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  6. ^ "Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall in Japan, leaving at least 10 dead". CNN. October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
  7. ^ a b "国土交通省｜報道資料｜令和元年東日本台風の発生した令和元年の水害被害額が統計開始以来最大に令和元年の水害被害額（確報値）を公表". 国土交通省 (in Japanese). Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  8. ^ Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (04/0600) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 4, 2019.
  9. ^ a b Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans (05/0230) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 5, 2019.
  10. ^ Warning And Summary (04/1800) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 4, 2019.
  11. ^ Reasoning No. 1 for TD Located at 15.0N 162.7E (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Reasoning). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 5, 2019.
  12. ^ Reasoning No. 2 for TD Located at 15.3N 161.1E (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Reasoning). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 5, 2019.
  13. ^ Tropical Storm 1919 Hagibis (1919) Upgraded From Tropical Depression (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 5, 2019.
  14. ^ Reasoning No. 5 for TS 1919 Hagibis (1919) (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Reasoning). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. October 5, 2019.
  15. ^ Aydlett, M. (October 6, 2019). "Tropical Storm Hagibis (20W) Special Advisory Number 4A". Tiyan, Guam: National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  16. ^ Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 20W (Hagibis) Warning NR 006 (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 6, 2019.
  17. ^ a b Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 20W (Hagibis) Warning NR 008 (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 7, 2019.
  18. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (October 7, 2019). "From tropical storm to Category 5 in 18 hours: Super Typhoon Hagibis intensifies at one of the fastest rates on record". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  19. ^ Aydlett, M. (October 7, 2019). "Super Typhoon Hagibis (20W) Intermediate Advisory Number 8A". Tiyan, Guam: National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  20. ^ Bukunt, Brandon; Middlebrooke, Mike (October 8, 2019). Super Typhoon Hagibis (20W) Intermediate Advisory Number 10 (Report). Tiyan, Guam: National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam.
  21. ^ Guard, Charles (October 14, 2019). "Post Tropical Cyclone Report... Super Typhoon Hagibis (20W)". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Tiyan, Guam: National Weather Service Tiyan, Guam. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
  22. ^ "Prognostic Reasoning 06Z (Hagibis)". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. October 8, 2019. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2019.
  23. ^ "Super Typhoon Hagibis Storm Activity: Oct 5, 2019 - Oct 12, 2019". wunderground.com. Weather Underground. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  24. ^ Moyler, Hunter (October 7, 2019). "TYPHOON HAGIBIS SURGES IN NORTHERN PACIFIC, WILL AFFECT GUAM, MARIANA ISLANDS AND POSSIBLY JAPAN". newsweek.com. Newsweek. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  25. ^ "TYPHOON HAGIBIS IMPACT ON RUGBY WORLD CUP 2019 MATCHES". rugbyworldcup.com. Rugby World Cup. October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  26. ^ Zraick, Karen (October 9, 2019). "Japan Prepares for Possible Hit by Super Typhoon Hagibis". The New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  27. ^ Kobayashi, Chie; Wakatsuki, Yoko; Walsh, Carly (October 12, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis makes landfall in Japan, leaving at least one dead". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  28. ^ Blair, Gavin (October 12, 2019). "Typhoon Hagibis: millions across Japan advised to evacuate". The Guardian. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  29. ^ Kobayashi, Chie; Wakatsuki, Yoko; Griffiths, James (October 13, 2019). "Recovery begins as Japan's Typhoon Hagibis leaves trail of death and destruction". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  30. ^ Zraick, Karen (October 9, 2019). "Storm in Pacific Ocean on Path Toward Japan". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  31. ^ de Menezes, Jack (October 12, 2019). "Rugby World Cup 2019: Namibia vs Canada cancelled as fans wait nervously over Japan vs Scotland". The Independent. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
  32. ^ "O'Shea rues typhoon-forced end to Italy's World Cup". Rugby World Cup. October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  33. ^ a b Benson, Andrew (October 11, 2019). "Japanese GP typhoon: Qualifying postponed as Typhoon Hagibis nears". BBC News.
  34. ^ "2019 FIA F1 World Championship Japan Grand Prix Support Race FIA-F4 Suzuka Round Special Game canceled due to approaching typhoon". F4 Japanese Championship. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  35. ^ "Baseball: Senga, Makihara lead Hawks to brink of 3rd straight Japan Series". The Mainichi. October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  36. ^ "気象庁が名称を定めた気象・地震・火山現象一覧" (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
  37. ^ "枕崎台風 昭和20年（1945年） ９月17日～９月18日". www.data.jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  38. ^ "第三版,日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) - 枕崎台風(まくらざきたいふう)とは". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  39. ^ "Hagibis finally exits". Saipan News, Headlines, Events, Ads | Saipan Tribune. October 9, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  40. ^ Demetriou, Danielle; Ryall, Julian (October 12, 2019). "Millions evacuated as Super Typhoon Hagibis slams into Japan - throwing Rugby World Cup into chaos". The Telegraph. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  41. ^ "Japan floods ahead of biggest typhoon in decades". October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  42. ^ "令和元年東日本台風及び前線による大雨による 被害及び消防機関等の対応状況（第６７報）" (PDF). Fire and Disaster Management Agency. October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  43. ^ "Typhoon Hagibis: Biggest Japan storm in decades makes landfall". BBC News. October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  44. ^ "Ten Hokuriku Shinkansen Line trains worth ¥32.8 billion sustain damage after yard is flooded in Typhoon Hagibis". The Japan Times. October 13, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  45. ^ Lovett, Samuel (October 12, 2019). "Japan earthquake: 5.7 magnitude tremor strikes main island as deadly typhoon closes in". The Independent. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  46. ^ "Typhoon Hagibis impact on Rugby World Cup 2019 matches". www.worldrugby.org.
  47. ^ "Namibia v Canada match cancelled, Hanazono and Kumamoto matches go ahead". www.worldrugby.org.
  48. ^ "Replacement Names of FAXAI, HAGIBIS, KAMMURI, LEKIMA, PHANFONE, and YUTU in the Tropical Cyclone Name List" (PDF). Typhoon Committee. February 8, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
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Preceded by Costliest Pacific typhoons on record (nominal)
2019 		Succeeded by
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