1955 United Kingdom general election

1955 United Kingdom general election
← outgoing members elected members →
All 630 seats in the House of Commons; 316 seats needed for a majority
	Opinion polls
Turnout	76.8% (5.8 pp)
	Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results
	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election; Anthony Eden; Conservative	Prime Minister after election ; Anthony Eden; Conservative

The 1955 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 26 May 1955, four years after the previous general election in 1951. It was a snap election: after Winston Churchill retired in April 1955, Anthony Eden took over and immediately called the election in order to gain a mandate for his government. It resulted in a majority of 60 seats for the government; the result remains the largest party share of the vote at a post-war general election. This was the first general election to be held during the reign of Elizabeth II. She had succeeded her father George VI the year after the previous election.

Results

The election was fought on new boundaries, with five seats added to the 625 fought in 1951. At the same time, the Conservative Party had returned to power for the first time since World War II and increased its popularity by accepting the mixed economy and welfare state created by the previous Labour Party government. It also was lauded for its economic policy after ending rationing, improving foreign trade, and even outperforming Labour in the construction of public housing.^[1]^: 137 The "giveaway budget" of Chancellor Rab Butler prior to the election also improved the popularity of the Conservative Party.^[2] On election day, the Daily Mirror had printed the front-page headline "Don't Let the Tories Cheat Our Children", urging its readers to elect Labour on the basis that it had "built a better Britain for us all" (Daily Mirror 2012).

The BBC later described the election as one of the "dullest" after World War II.^[3] The Daily Express wrote that the British people were more interested in Princess Margaret's romance with Peter Townsend.^[4] The Labour Party, then in its twentieth year of leadership under Clement Attlee, steadily lost ground owing to infighting between the left-wing (Bevanites) and the right-wing (Gaitskellites), resulting in an unclear election message. It pledged equal pay for women, renationalization of the steel industry and road haulage, comprehensive secondary education, and vague guarantees of greater industrial democracy and workers' control of nationalized industries as demanded by Bevanites but otherwise offered little new policy.^[1]^{: 140–141} It was the fifth and last general election fought by Labour leader Clement Attlee, who by this time was 72 years old. Eden had only become Leader of the Conservative Party a few weeks before the election, after the retirement of former Prime Minister Winston Churchill, but he had long been considered the heir apparent to the Conservative leadership. Eden called a dissolution of parliament and a new general election as soon as he took office in April 1955. The Conservatives were hoping to take advantage of the end of food rationing and the positive atmosphere created by the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Eden himself was telegenic (although not as great a public speaker as Churchill, who was now infirm and 80 years old) and gradual economic growth benefited the party greatly.^[3] Parliament was dissolved on 6 May.^[5]

The result showed very little change from 1951, with fewer than 25 seats changing hands and only a small swing from Labour to the Conservatives. The only real highlight of the night was in Northern Ireland, where Sinn Féin won two seats at a UK election for the first time since 1918 (before the secession of Southern Ireland).

The Labour Party suffered at this time from deep internal divisions, yet for it this election was not the disaster it could have been.

Although little changed, this was a strong victory for the Conservatives, who won the largest share of seats for a single party at a post-war general election. It became the first party since the passage of the Reform Act 1867 to increase its parliamentary majority after a term in office.^[1]^: 141

The Liberal Party had yet another poor performance, only slightly improving their popular vote total from the previous election, and again winning just six seats. Five of their six seats did not have Conservative challengers, as per local-level agreements to avoid vote-splitting which likely would have thrown the seats to Labour; the only Liberal candidate to be victorious against both Conservative and Labour challengers was Orkney and Shetland MP Jo Grimond, who was first elected in 1950. The poor national showing was widely viewed as the death knell for the embattled leadership of Clement Davies, who resigned the following year and was replaced by Grimond.

Future Labour leader Michael Foot lost his seat of Plymouth Devonport at this election; he returned for Ebbw Vale at a 1960 by-election.

For the first time, television took a prominent role in the campaign; this is the earliest UK general election of which television coverage survives (the 1950 and 1951 election nights were broadcast on television live, but the footage was not recorded). Only three hours of the coverage, presented by Richard Dimbleby, was kept; this was rebroadcast on BBC Parliament on the fiftieth and sixtieth anniversaries of the date of the election.

1955 United Kingdom general election
			Candidates						Votes
Party		Leader	Stood	Elected	Gained	Unseated	Net	% of total	%	No.	Net %
	Conservative	Anthony Eden	624	345^{[note 1]}	22	3	+23	54.8	49.7	13,310,891	+1.7
	Labour	Clement Attlee	620	277	4	21	−18	44.0	46.4	12,405,254	−2.4
	Liberal	Clement Davies	110	6	0	0	0	1.0	2.7	722,402	+0.2
	Sinn Féin	Paddy McLogan	12	2	2	0	+2	0.3	0.6	152,310	+0.5
	Plaid Cymru	Gwynfor Evans	11	0	0	0	0		0.2	45,119	+0.2
	Independent	N/A	8	0	0	0	0		0.2	43,791	+0.1
	Communist	Harry Pollitt	17	0	0	0	0		0.1	33,144	0.0
	Irish Labour	William Norton	1	0	0	1	−1		0.1	16,050	0.0
	Independent Labour	N/A	2	0	0	0	0		0.1	15,322	N/A
	SNP	Robert McIntyre	2	0	0	0	0		0.1	12,112	0.0
	Ind. Labour Party	Annie Maxton	2	0	0	0	0		0.0	3,334	0.0

Government's new majority	60
Total votes cast	26,759,729
Turnout	76.8%

Votes summary

Popular vote

Conservative and Unionist			49.74%
Labour			46.36%
Liberal			2.70%
Others			1.20%

Seats summary

Parliamentary seats

Conservative and Unionist			54.76%
Labour			43.97%
Liberal			0.95%
Sinn Féin			0.32%

Selected declarations

First declaration: Cheltenham (Con: 24,259, Lab: 16,638; Con hold)
Prime Minister's seat: Warwick and Leamington (Con: 29,979, Lab: 16,513; Con hold)

Transfers of seats

All comparisons are with the 1951 election.
- In some cases the change is due to the MP defecting to the gaining party. Such circumstances are marked with a *.
- In other circumstances the change is due to the seat having been won by the gaining party in a by-election in the intervening years, and then retained in 1955. Such circumstances are marked with a †. The parliament of 1951–55 only saw one by-election where a seat changed hands (Sunderland South), and unusually this was a gain for the party in government.

From		To		No.	Seats
	Labour		Labour (HOLD)	many	Ashfield (replaced Broxtowe), Barons Court (replaced Hammersmith South), Blackburn (replaced Blackburn East), Fulham (replaced Fulham East), Glasgow Provan (replaced Glasgow Camlachie), Hackney Central (replaced Hackney South), Kingston upon Hull West (replaced Kingston upon Hull Central), Manchester Openshaw (replaced Droylsden), Midlothian (replaced Midlothian and Peebles), Nottingham North (replaced Nottingham East), Nottingham West (replaced Nottingham North West), Reading (replaced Reading South), Walsall North (replaced Walsall), et al.
			National Liberal	2	Bradford West (replaced Bradford Central), Plymouth Devonport
			Conservative	19	Ayrshire Central, Carlisle, Ealing North, Gloucestershire South, Gravesend, Halifax, Hornchurch, Leeds North East, Liverpool Kirkdale, Maldon, Nottingham Central, Nottingham South, Preston South, Southampton Test, Sunderland South†, Walthamstow East, Wandsworth Central, Watford, The Wrekin
		abolished		6	Birmingham Erdington, Fulham West, Glasgow Tradeston, Leeds Central, Manchester Clayton, Sheffield Neepsend
	Irish Labour		UUP	1	Belfast West
	Nationalist		Sinn Féin	1	Fermanagh and South Tyrone²
	Ind. Republican		Sinn Féin	1	Mid Ulster¹
	Liberal		Liberal (HOLD)	6	Bolton West, Cardiganshire, Carmarthen, Huddersfield West, Montgomery, Orkney and Shetland
	National Liberal		National Liberal (HOLD)	17	Angus North and Mearns, Angus South, Bedfordshire South, Bradford North, Denbigh, Dumfriesshire, Fife East, Harwich, Holland with Boston, Huntingdonshire, Luton, Newcastle upon Tyne North, Norfolk Central, Renfrewshire West, Ross and Cromarty, St Ives, Torrington
	Conservative		Labour	4	Bristol North West, Glasgow Govan, Norfolk South West, Romford
			Conservative (HOLD)	many	Birmingham Selly Oak (replaced Birmingham King's Norton), Croydon NE (replaced Croydon East), Croydon NW (replaced Croydon North), Croydon South (replaced Croydon West), Howden (replaced Beverley), Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles (replaced Roxburgh and Selkirk), Stroud (replaced Stroud & Thornbury), et al.
			Speaker		Cirencester and Tewkesbury*
		abolished		2	Blackburn West, Leeds North, Reading North
	UUP		UUP	9	North Antrim, South Antrim, Armagh, Belfast East, Belfast North, Belfast South, Down North, Down South, Londonderry
Seat created			Labour	5	Birmingham All Saints, Erith and Crayford, Feltham, Leeds East, Meriden
Seat created			Conservative	9	Chigwell, Eastleigh, Essex South East, Glasgow Craigton, Hertfordshire East, Nantwich, Rye, Surbiton, Walsall South

¹ Sinn Féin winner overturned on petition for a criminal conviction. The second-placed Ulster Unionist candidate was also overturned by resolution of the House; eventually the 1956 by-election was held, which returned an Independent Unionist.

² Sinn Féin winner overturned on petition for a criminal conviction. The second-placed candidate, an Ulster Unionist, was awarded the seat.

Notes

^ ^a ^b The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons
^ Conservatives include 19 National Liberals and 10 Ulster Unionists.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5.
^ Elliott, Larry (21 March 2010). "Pre-election budgets: a history of hair shirts and handouts". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b (BBC News 2005)
^ "Palace Challenged To Deny Royal Romance". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press. 30 May 1955. p. 8. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
^ "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

"1955: Eden given mandate", BBC News, 5 April 2005, retrieved 19 May 2018
Craig, F. W. S. (1989), British Electoral Facts: 1832–1987, Dartmouth: Gower, ISBN 0900178302
"General Election 2010 – A century of Daily Mirror front pages", Daily Mirror, 3 February 2012, retrieved 19 May 2018

External links

United Kingdom election results—summary results 1885–1979 Archived 23 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine

Manifestos

United for Peace and Progress: The Conservative and Unionist Party's Policy, 1955 Conservative Party manifesto
Forward With Labour: Labour's Policy for the Consideration of the Nation, 1955 Labour Party manifesto
Crisis Unresolved, 1955 Liberal Party manifesto

[speaker-1] The seat and vote count figures for the Conservatives given here include the Speaker of the House of Commons

[conservative-7] Conservatives include 19 National Liberals and 10 Ulster Unionists.

[Thorpe-2] Thorpe, Andrew (1997). A History of the British Labour Party. London: Macmillan Education UK. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0. ISBN 978-0-333-56081-5.

[3] Elliott, Larry (21 March 2010). "Pre-election budgets: a history of hair shirts and handouts". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2023.

[bbc2005-4] (BBC News 2005)

[up19550530-5] "Palace Challenged To Deny Royal Romance". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press. 30 May 1955. p. 8. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

[6] "Parliamentary Election Timetables" (PDF) (3rd ed.). House of Commons Library. 25 March 1997. Retrieved 3 July 2022.

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