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U.S. Route 97

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U.S. Route 97 (US 97) is a major north–south route of the United States Numbered Highway System in the Pacific Northwest region. It runs for approximately 670 miles (1,078 km) through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, primarily serving interior areas on the east side of the Cascade Mountains. The highway terminates to the south at a junction with Interstate 5 (I-5) in Weed, California, and to the north at the Canadian border near Osoyoos, British Columbia, where it becomes British Columbia Highway 97. Major cities on the US 97 corridor include Klamath Falls, Bend, and Redmond in Oregon; and Yakima, Ellensburg, and Wenatchee in Washington. A portion of the highway in California and Oregon is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.

U.S. Route 97 marker
U.S. Route 97
Map
US 97 highlighted in red
Route information
Length669.61 mi[a] (1,077.63 km)
Existed1926[1]–present
Major junctions
South end I-5 in Weed, CA
Major intersections
North end Highway 97 at the Canada–US border near Oroville, WA
Location
CountryUnited States
StatesCalifornia, Oregon, Washington
Highway system
← US 96→ US 98

The highway was designated in 1926 as part of the original United States Numbered Highway System, replacing a set of routes designated by the state governments of Oregon and Washington. US 97 was extended into California in the 1930s and realigned several times in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Route description

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California

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Main article: U.S. Route 97 in California

US 97 begins at an interchange with I-5 in Weed, California, near Mount Shasta at the northern edge of the state. The highway travels northeast around Weed and into Shasta–Trinity National Forest, passing several lava fields as it ascends the northwest side of Mount Shasta. It turns east at Haystack Butte and travels around Deer Mountain, crossing the shore of Grass Lake and serving a rest area.[5] After another series of turns, US 97 reaches its highest point in California at Mount Hebron Summit, 5,202 feet (1,586 m) above mean sea level.[6][7]

The highway descends from Mount Hebron and leaves the national forest to travel northeast across the Butte Valley, a rural area with few settlements. After passing through the town of Macdoel, US 97 bisects a portion of the Butte Valley National Grassland and passes through a border inspection station operated by the California Department of Food and Agriculture near Dorris.[8][9] The highway passes through Dorris on a series of city streets and continues northeast to cross into Oregon near a junction with California State Route 161 northwest of Indian Tom Lake.[6] The California portion of US 97 is approximately 55 miles (89 km) long and lies entirely within Siskiyou County.[2][6] It is also part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway system, which continues south from Weed towards Lassen Peak.[10]

Oregon

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Main article: U.S. Route 97 in Oregon
 
The Sam Hill Memorial Bridge, which carries US 97 from Oregon to Washington over the Columbia River

US 97 travels northeast along the Klamath River from the California state line to Klamath Falls. It bypasses the city to the west on an expressway and has a business route to serve downtown Klamath Falls. The highway continues north, first along the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake and later to the east of Crater Lake, through the dry forests of the eastern Cascade Mountains. US 97 is directly connected to Crater Lake National Park via Oregon Route 62 and Oregon Route 138.[6][11]

The highway travels northeast, following the Deschutes River through La Pine and to the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, where it passes over the Lava River Cave and travels around Lava Butte.[12] US 97 expands into an expressway near the butte and turns north as it approaches Bend, the largest city in Central Oregon. The highway travels through Bend on the Bend Parkway, a four-lane expressway bypass that is supplemented by a parallel business route to the east. The business route is also used by US 20, which US 97 intersects twice north of downtown Bend.[11]

US 97 continues northeast from Bend as a divided highway through Redmond, where it reverts to a two-lane highway. It travels north across the Crooked River National Grassland to Madras, where the highway is concurrent with US 26 and splits into a pair of one-way streets. US 97 continues northeast from Madras through a series of canyons to a junction with US 197, its sole auxiliary route. The two highways travel parallel to each other on opposite sides of the Deschutes River canyon, with US 197 to the west serving The Dalles and US 97 to the east passing through the sparsely-populated area between Shaniko and Wasco. From Wasco, the highway turns northwest to descend to the Columbia River Gorge, intersecting I-84 and US 30 at Biggs Junction. Immediately after the interchange, US 97 crosses the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge into Washington.[11]

Under Oregon's named highway system, US 97 is designated as part of The Dalles–California Highway No. 4 between California and US 197 and Sherman Highway No. 42 from US 197 to the Columbia River.[3][13] It is described as Oregon's most important highway east of the Cascades and serves as an alternate trucking route to the I-5 corridor.[14][15] The southernmost section between the California state line and Klamath Falls is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway, which continues to Crater Lake;[10] the northernmost section between Shaniko and Biggs Junction is part of the Journey Through Time Scenic Byway, which continues east through John Day Fossil Beds National Monument.[16]

Washington

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Main article: U.S. Route 97 in Washington
 
US 97 and SR 20 near Okanogan, Washington

The highway enters Washington at Maryhill, a community on the north side of the Columbia River that is home to a state park and Stonehenge replica. US 97 climbs from the river and briefly turns west on State Route 14 (SR 14) before continuing north over the Columbia Hills. The highway passes Goldendale and Goldendale Observatory State Park before turning northeast to cross the Simcoe Mountains via Satus Pass, located 3,107 feet (947 m) above sea level.[17]

US 97 then traverses part of the Yakama Indian Reservation with shrub–steppe land that lies between the Simcoe Mountains and Toppenish Ridge. After crossing the latter, the highway descends into the Yakima Valley, passing through farmland and vineyards. US 97 then turns northwest at a junction with SR 22 in Toppenish and travels through Wapato before leaving the Yakima Indian Reservation and merging with I-82 and US 12 at Union Gap.[6][17]

Now part of the freeway, US 97 runs north along the Yakima River through Union Gap and neighboring Yakima, where US 12 splits. The freeway then travels northeast over the Umtanum and Manastash ridges to reach the Kittitas Valley. I-82 ends in Ellensburg at a junction with I-90, which US 97 follows for 4 miles (6 km) before reverting to a two-lane road.[17] The highway continues north into the Wenatchee Mountains (part of the Cascades) in Wenatchee National Forest and crosses Blewett Pass at 4,102 feet (1,250 m) above sea level.[17] US 97 joins US 2 near Peshastin, traveling southeast on a divided highway along the Wenatchee River to the Wenatchee area.[17]

The highway bypasses Wenatchee and crosses the Columbia River on the Richard Odabashian Bridge before turning north onto a two-lane road at a junction with SR 28. US 2 and US 97 travel along the east bank of the Columbia River, opposite US 97 Alternate on the west side, to Orondo, where US 2 turns east. US 97 continues north and east along the river to Chelan Falls, where it crosses the Beebe Bridge and is rejoined by the alternate route near Chelan. The highway follows the west bank of the Columbia River to Brewster, where it turns north to continue along the Okanogan River. US 97 then becomes concurrent with SR 20 for 28 miles (45 km) as they bypass Okanogan and Omak and continue through the Okanogan Highlands.[17] SR 20 turns east at Tonasket while US 97 continues north to the Canadian border near Oroville and Osoyoos, where it terminates and becomes British Columbia Highway 97 (BC 97).[6][17] BC 97 continues through the British Columbia Interior and terminates at the Yukon border, eventually becoming part of the Alaska Highway.[18]

History

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US 97 was established as part of the initial United States Numbered Highway System, adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) on November 11, 1926. It ran north from US 99 near Ashland, Oregon, to the Canadian border near Oroville, Washington,[1] generally following the California-Banff Bee-Line (an early auto trail) through Oregon.[19] The highway also used existing state roads that were designated in the 1910s by the Oregon and Washington governments, which had been partially paved.[20][21] US 97 was extended south from Klamath Falls to Weed in 1935.[22] During World War II, US 97 formed the eastern boundary of a restricted military zone for Washington and Oregon created in March 1942 ahead of the mass internment of Japanese Americans.[23]

The state of Washington built several bridges on the Columbia River in the 1960s to replace existing ferry crossings, including two on US 97. The Sam Hill Memorial Bridge opened in 1962 to connect Biggs Junction, Oregon, with Maryhill, Washington, and operated as a toll bridge until 1975.[24] The Beebe Bridge opened near Chelan in 1963, replacing a one-lane bridge,[25] and was incorporated into US 97 with a realignment on the east side of the river that was approved in 1988. The relocation also resulted in the creation of US 97 Alternate on the old route to the west of the Columbia River between Wenatchee and Chelan.[26] The highway was also relocated in some areas to accommodate the construction of dams on the Columbia River, including the Rocky Reach Dam near Wenatchee.[27]

 
US 97 was rerouted around downtown Redmond, Oregon, in 2008

Several sections of the highway were also replaced with expressways or other limited-access roads bypassing city centers beginning in the 1950s. US 97 was relocated onto the Klamath Falls bypass when it opened in November 1959; the section cost $1.8 million to construct.[28] US 97 was relocated onto an arterial street east of Bend in 1962, bypassing a congested section through downtown.[29] The Okanogan and Omak sections were bypassed to the east by a new highway that opened in 1964.[30] US 97 was relocated onto I-82 between Union Gap and Ellensburg when the freeway opened in 1971, bypassing downtown Yakima and the Yakima Canyon Highway (which became State Route 821).[31]

A new route for US 97 through Bend, named the Bend Parkway, was proposed in the 1980s and opened in September 2001, relocating 7.2 miles (11.6 km) of the highway onto an elevated expressway through the city that cost $113 million to construct.[32][33] A full freeway or bypass of Bend was also considered, but they were rejected due to funding and space constraints.[34] A bypass in Redmond was opened in April 2008 at a cost of $90 million, moving US 97 onto a limited-access road around the east side of downtown Redmond.[35][36] Plans for other bypasses in La Pine and Madras, as well as four-laning the entire highway in Oregon, have been proposed but not funded by the state government.[15][37] In 2013, the cost of upgrading all of US 97 to a four-lane highway with limited access was estimated to be $10 billion.[38]

Proposed Alaska expansion

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Main article: Alaska Highway § Proposed U.S. Route 97 designation

An extension of US 97 to the state of Alaska was proposed in the 1950s and 1960s to promote the corridor as a continuous international highway. The Alaska International Rail and Highway Commission lobbied for the designation of US 97 from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Mexico City in the late 1950s;[39] they were followed by a 1960s proposal from the Okanogan Cariboo Trail Association for a longer corridor to complement the Pan-American Highway. Their proposal would also have US 97 continue west to terminate in Nome, Alaska.[40][41]

AASHO formally approved the Alaska extension of US 97 in December 1964, subject to the renumbering of highways in the Yukon Territory and British Columbia to match the "97" designation.[42] The proposed extension would have followed Alaska Route 2 (AK-2) from the Yukon border to Fairbanks, terminating at a junction with AK-3.[43] British Columbia had already renumbered its section to Highway 97, but the Yukon Territory declined a request from the Alaska Department of Highways to renumber Yukon Highway 1.[44]

Major intersections

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California[45]
  I-5 in Weed
Oregon[11]
  OR 140 near Klamath Falls
  US 20 in Bend
  OR 126 in Redmond
  US 26 in Madras; joined for approximately 2 miles (3 km)[3]
  US 197 near Shaniko
   I-84 / US 30 at Biggs Junction
Washington[17]
  SR 14 in Maryhill; joined for approximately 1 mile (2 km)[4]
  SR 22 in Toppenish
   I-82 / US 12 near Union Gap; joined with US 12 for approximately 7 miles (11 km) until Yakima and with I-82 for approximately 38 miles (61 km) until Ellensburg[4]
  US 12 in Yakima
   I-82 / I-90 near Ellensburg; joined with I-90 for approximately 5 miles (8 km)
  US 2 near Peshastin; joined for approximately 29 miles (47 km) until Orondo[4]
  US 97 Alt. near Wenatchee
  SR 28 near East Wenatchee
  US 97 Alt. near Chelan
  SR 20 near Okanogan; joined for approximately 29 miles (47 km) until Tonasket[4]
  Highway 97 at the Canada–US border near Oroville

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Total length is calculated from route mileage within California (54.364 miles, 87.490 km),[2] Oregon (293.65 miles, 472.58 km),[3] and Washington (321.60 miles, 517.57 km).[4]

References

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  1. ^ a b Bureau of Public Roads; American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved December 1, 2021 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. ^ a b California Department of Transportation. "Postmile Services Query Tool". California Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Road Inventory and Classification Services. "Road Assets and Mileage: Straightline Charts". Oregon Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Multimodal Planning Division (January 4, 2021). State Highway Log Planning Report 2020, SR 2 to SR 971 (PDF) (Report). Washington State Department of Transportation. pp. 719–771. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  5. ^ "Rest Areas: Grass Lake – Siskiyou County". California Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Overview of U.S. Route 97" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  7. ^ Division of Traffic Operations (June 2003). "2002 Traffic Volumes on California State Highways" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 109. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  8. ^ Butte Valley National Grassland (PDF) (Map). United States Forest Service. March 14, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  9. ^ O'Neill, Janet (November 17, 2008). "Inspection stations re-open after five year hiatus". Redding Record Searchlight. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway". National Park Service. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d Oregon 2019–2021 Official State Map (PDF) (Map). Oregon Department of Transportation. April 2019. Bend inset. Retrieved December 1, 2021. {{cite map}}: External link in |inset= (help)
  12. ^ Richard, Terry (August 20, 2015). "Newberry Crater, biggest Oregon volcano, has seven marvels to wonder about". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
  13. ^ "Cross Reference Table of Highway Route Number to State Highway Number" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation. 2018. p. 1. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  14. ^ Otak (November 1995). "U.S. Highway 97 Corridor Strategy (Madras–California Border)" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation. p. 4. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  15. ^ a b Chiang, Chuck (May 5, 2006). "Widening Highway 97". Bend Bulletin. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  16. ^ "Journey Through Time Scenic Byway". Travel Oregon. Oregon Tourism Commission. September 21, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Washington State Department of Transportation (2014). Washington State Highways, 2014–2015 (PDF) (Map). 1:842,000. Olympia: Washington State Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  18. ^ "Transportation Concept Report: U.S. Route 97" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. October 2003. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2021.
  19. ^ Rand McNally and Company (1925). Rand McNally Official 1925 Auto Trails Map of Washington and Oregon (Map). 1:1,077,120. Chicago: Rand McNally and Company. Retrieved December 6, 2021 – via David Rumsey Historical Map Collection.
  20. ^ Engineering Automation Section, Engineering and Technical Services (March 2020). "History of Highways in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Department of Transportation. p. 4-2. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  21. ^ "State Roads As Established by Legislature, 1893 to 1935" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 6, 2005. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  22. ^ Oregon State Highway Department (1935). State Highway Department's Map of the State of Oregon Showing Main Traveled Automobile Roads, 1935 (Map). Oregon State Highway Commission. LCCN 75696277. OCLC 5673552. Retrieved December 1, 2021 – via State Library of Oregon Digital Collections.
  23. ^ "Army To Clear West of Japs". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. March 4, 1942. p. 2. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ Division of Archives and Records Management (April 2004). "Guide to the Record of the Washington Toll Bridge Authority" (PDF). Office of the Secretary of State of Washington. p. 7. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  25. ^ "New Bridge Opens Today". The Spokesman-Review. June 21, 1963. p. 5. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering (June 7, 1988). "Route Numbering Committee Agenda" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. p. 4. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  27. ^ Gracey, A. W. (February 1960). ""New" Highway Ten Opened". Washington Highway News. Vol. 8, no. 10. Washington State Department of Highways. p. 10. OCLC 29654162. Retrieved December 17, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.
  28. ^ "West Side Bypass Opens; Officials Present At Rites". Herald and News. November 20, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ Cliff, Patrick (June 30, 2008). "Reroute redux". Bend Bulletin. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  30. ^ Stanley, Bruce (December 1964). "Canvassing the Districts: District 2 Talking". Washington Highways. Vol. 12, no. 2. Washington State Department of Highways. p. 38. OCLC 29654162. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.
  31. ^ Garrett, Harold (November 1971). "Joint Development of the Yakima Canyon". Washington Highway News. Washington State Department of Highways. pp. 6–7. OCLC 29654162. Retrieved December 15, 2021 – via WSDOT Library Digital Collections.
  32. ^ Lundgren, Steve (January 6, 2002). "Bend starts life in fast lane". The Oregonian. p. A19.
  33. ^ Aurand, Anne (September 21, 2001). "After long wait, cars zip on parkway". Bend Bulletin. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  34. ^ Hammers, Scott (August 28, 2016). "Bend Parkway driven more like a freeway". Bend Bulletin. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  35. ^ Cliff, Patrick (April 27, 2008). "Pedestrians, a pogo stick and a (sort of) open road". Bend Bulletin. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  36. ^ Preusch, Matthew (April 13, 2008). "Bypass to unclog Redmond artery". The Oregonian. p. B2.
  37. ^ Hottman, Sara (July 14, 2011). "Highway 97 expansion a future priority, officials say". Herald and News. p. 1. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  38. ^ Creasey, Andrew (March 3, 2013). "$10 billion pricetag may halt four-lane expressway expansion". Herald and News. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
  39. ^ "Alaskan at Highway 97 Meeting". The Seattle Times. November 15, 1959. p. 73.
  40. ^ "Route 97 Marking Advocated". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. January 14, 1965. p. 3. Retrieved September 12, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  41. ^ "Pan-Am West International Highway, Alaska to Mexico". Reno Evening Gazette. January 27, 1968. p. 14. Retrieved December 4, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ U.S. Route Numbering Committee (December 6, 1964). "U.S. Route Numbering Committee Agenda Showing Action Taken by AASHO Executive Committee" (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: American Association of State Highway Officials. p. 294. Retrieved December 3, 2021 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  43. ^ McKinnon, Donald A. (October 22, 1964). "An Application from the State Highway Department of Alaska for the Extension of U.S. Route 97 Between Fairbanks, Alaska and Canadian Border". Alaska Department of Highways. p. 6. Retrieved December 3, 2021 – via AASHTO Route Numbering Archive.
  44. ^ "McKinnon Answers Many Questions on Road Plans". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. May 6, 1965. p. 7. Retrieved December 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  45. ^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 12, 84, 109. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.
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