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United States Army Nurse Corps

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The United States Army Nurse Corps (USANC) was formally established by the U.S. Congress in 1901. It is one of the six medical special branches (or "corps") of officers which – along with medical enlisted soldiers – comprise the Army Medical Department (AMEDD). The ANC is the nursing service for the U.S. Army and provides nursing staff in support of the Department of Defense medical plans. The ANC is composed entirely of Registered Nurses (RNs) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRN).

United States Army Nurse Corps
Army Nurse Corps
branch insignia
Active1901 – present day
CountryUnited States
BranchUnited States Army
Motto(s)Embrace the past – Engage the present – Envision the future

Mission

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The USANC has stated its mission is "Providing responsive and innovative nursing care integrated with the Army Medical Corps to enhance readiness, preserve life and function further to promote health and wellness for all those entrusted to our care, preserving the strength of our Nation by providing trusted care to the members of our military Patients."[1]

Creed

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World War II Army Nurse Corps recruiting poster

The Army Nursing Corps was written by Lt. Col. Leigh McGraw in December 2009:

I am a member of the Army Nursing Corps.

My patients depend on me and trust me to provide compassionate and proficient care always. I nurture the most helpless and vulnerable and offer courage and hope to those in despair. I protect the dignity of every individual put in my charge.

I tend to physical and psychological wounds of our warriors and support the health, safety, and welfare of every retired Veteran. I am an advocate for family members who support and sustain their Soldiers during times of War. It is a privilege to care for each of these individuals and I will always strive to be attentive and respectful of their needs and honor their uniquely divine human spirit.

We are the Army Nursing Corps.

We honor our professional practice standards and live the Soldier values. We believe strength and resilience in difficult times are the cornerstone of Army Nursing. We embrace the diversity of our team and implicitly understand that we must maintain a unified, authentically positive culture and support each other's physical, social, and environmental well-being. We have a collective responsibility to mentor and foster the professional growth of our newest Team members so they may mentor those who follow.

We remember those nursing professionals who came before us and honor their legacy, determination, and sacrifice. We are fundamentally committed to providing exceptional care to past, present, and future generations who bravely defend and protect our Nation.[2]

Qualifications

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To qualify for the Army Nurse Corps, an applicant needs a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) from an accredited program (Active and Reserve).[3] AR 135-100,[4] AR 135-101,[5] AR 601-100,[6] and applicable ANC circulars in the DA Circular 601-FY-X series[citation needed] list qualifications for entry.

The ANC consists entirely of commissioned officers. Nurses who wish to serve as Army Nurses are required to hold an unrestricted Registered Nurse (RN) license prior to receiving a commission.[7]

Leadership

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The Chief of the Army Nurse Corps and the FORSCOM Command Surgeon is BG James D. Burk, while the Deputy Chief is COL Jodelle Schroeder.[8]

Specialties

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Areas of concentration (AOC)[citation needed]

Public Health Nurse – 66B

See also: Public health, U.S. Army Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing, Perioperative nursing, Nurse anesthetist, Obstetrical nursing, Medical-surgical nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner, Clinical nurse specialist, Critical care nursing, Nurse midwife, Emergency nursing, Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, and Case management (USA health system)

Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse – 66C

Peri-Operative Nurse – 66E

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) – 66F

Obstetrics-Gynecologic Nurse – 66G

Medical-Surgical Nursing – 66H

Generalist Nurse – 66N; this is used to designate positions on organizational documents but is not held by the individual.

Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) – 66P

Additional Skill Identifiers (ASIs); designate additional areas of expertise or experience and are in addition to a basic nursing specialty.

7T – Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)
8A – Critical Care Nurse (ASI to be deleted and converted to the AOC 66S)
8D – Nurse Midwife (Only used in conjunction with AOC 66G)
M5 – Emergency Nurse (ASI to be deleted and converted to the AOC 66T)

Stat

M8 – Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner (Only used in conjunction with AOC 66C)
M9 – Nurse Case Manager
N1 – Aviation Medicine Nurse Practitioner (Only used in conjunction with AOC 66P)

History

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  • The Army Nurse Corps became a permanent corps of the Medical Department under the Army Reorganization Act (31 STat. 753) passed by Congress on 2 February 1901.[9]

Pre-1901

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Nurses served in Washington's Army during the Revolutionary War.[10] Although the women who tended the sick and wounded during the Revolutionary War were not nurses as known in the modern sense, they blazed the trail for later generations when, in 1873, civilian hospitals in America began operating recognized schools of nursing.[9]

After the Revolutionary War, Congress drastically reduced the size of the medical service. Patient care was performed by soldiers detailed from the companies. There was no centralized medical direction by a formally organized medical department until the War of 1812. The Army Medical Department was re-established by Congress under the direction of a Surgeon General, Dr. Joseph Lovell. The Army Reorganization Act of 1818[11] marked the beginning of the modem Medical Department of the United States Army.[9]

 
Five American Civil War nurses at 1916 Massachusetts encampment; Helen E. Smith, Susan C. Mills, Margaret Hamilton, Mary E. Smith, and Lovisa Tyson.

Two months after the Civil War began on 12 April 1861, the Secretary of War Simon Cameron appointed Dorothea Lynde Dix as superintendent of women nurses for the Union Army. Some of the women, before reporting for assignment, received a short course in nursing under the direction of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States.[9]

Some of the nurses who worked in the Union hospitals were not on the Army payroll, but were sponsored by the United States Sanitary Commission or by volunteer agencies. Their work was largely limited to preparing diets, supervising the distribution of supplies furnished by volunteer groups, and housekeeping details.

 
Nurses during the American Civil War

During the 1898 Spanish–American War, the Army hired female civilian nurses to help with the wounded. Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army. After the war ended, McGee pursued the establishment of a permanent nurse corps. She wrote the section of the Army Reorganization Act legislation pertaining to nursing and is now known as the founder of the Army Nurse Corps.[12] In all, more than 1,500 women nurses worked as contract nurses during that 1898 conflict.

Race and sex played central roles. The ANC was for white women only and fought hard to exclude or minimize the number of black women until 1947. They excluded all men until the Korean War when male doctors began to emphasize the need for nurses on the front lines, and this meant male nurses.[13]

1901–1917

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Professionalization was a dominant theme during the Progressive Era, because it valued expertise and hierarchy over ad-hoc volunteering in the name of civic duty.[citation needed] The Army Nurse Corps (female) became a permanent corps of the Medical Department under the Army Reorganization Act (31 Stat. 753) on 2 February 1901. Nurses were appointed in the Regular Army for a three-year period, although nurses were not actually commissioned as officers in the Regular Army until forty-six years later-on 16 April 1947.[9] Dita H. Kinney, was officially appointed the first Superintendent of the Corps on 15 March 1901. Kinney served as superintendent until she resigned on 31 July 1909.[9]

The number of nurses on active duty hovered around 100 in the years after the creation of the corps, with the two largest groups serving at the general hospital at the Presidio in San Francisco and at the First Reserve Hospital in Manila.[14]

World War I

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1917 Army Nurse Corps Uniform Coat
 
Nurses, personnel, and patients of United States Base Hospital 32 in Contrexeville, France in 1918.

In World War I (American participation from 1917–18), the military recruited 20,000 registered nurses (all women) for military and navy duty in 58 military hospitals. They helped staff 47 ambulance companies that operated on the Western Front. More than 10,000 served overseas, while 5,400 nurses enrolled in the Army's new School of Nursing. Key decisions were made by Jane Delano, director of the Red Cross Nursing Service, Mary Adelaide Nutting, president of the American Federation of Nurses, and Annie Goodrich, dean of the Army School of Nursing.[15]

Interwar period

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Demobilization reduced the two corps to skeleton units designed to be expanded should a new war take place. Eligibility at this time included being female, white, unmarried, a volunteer, and a graduate from a civilian nursing school.

In 1920, Army Nurse Corps personnel received officer-equivalent ranks and wore Army rank insignia on their uniforms. However, they did not receive equivalent pay and were not considered part of the US Army.

Flikke remained in the Army after the war. After 12 years at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., she was promoted to captain and became the Assistant Superintendent of Nurses. She succeeded in creating new billets for occupational therapists and dieticians. Flikke became Superintendent, with the rank of Major, in 1938.

World War II

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WWII Army Nurse LT Katherine Flynn Nolan, a veteran of the Battle of the Bulge, Bastogne, Belgium (18 December 2004).
 
WW2-era recruitment poster

At the start of the war in December 1941, there were fewer than 1,000 nurses in the Army Nurse Corps[16] and 700 in the Navy Nurse Corps. All were women.[17]

Colonel Flikke's small headquarters in 1942, though it contained only 4 officers and 25 civilians, supervised the vast wartime expansion of nurses, in cooperation with the Red Cross. She only took unmarried women aged 22–30 who had their RN training from civilian schools. These nurses were commissioned for a term that lasted the duration of the war plus six months, but they were discharged if they married or became pregnant.

Due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, the United States entered the Pacific part of World War II. Along with this military effort was the work of the Flying Tigers in Kunming, China, under Claire Chennault. Nurses were thus needed in China to serve the U.S. Army. These nurses were recruited among the Chinese nurses residing in China, particularly the English-speaking nurses who fled Hong Kong (a British colony) to free China due to the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The Hong Kong nurses were trained by the Department of Medical Services (directed by Dr. Percy Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke) of the Government of Hong Kong. They took up Nursing positions at the Flying Tigers (Rebecca Chan Chung 鍾陳可慰, Daisy Pui-Ying Chan 陳培英), U.S. Army (Rebecca Chan Chung 鍾陳可慰, Daisy Chan 陳培英, Cynthia Chan 陳靜渝), Chinese Red Cross (Elsie Chin Yuen Seetoo, Irene Yu 余秀芬) and China National Aviation Corporation (Rebecca Chan Chung 鍾陳可慰, Irene Yu 余秀芬).[18][19][20][21] Cynthia Chan 陳靜渝 is the elder sister of Anna Chan 陳香梅 (Mrs. Chennault).[citation needed]

 
First black nurses landed in England in 1944, led by Captain Mary L. Petty

Only a few African American nurses were admitted to the Army Nurse Corps.[22] Mabel Keaton Staupers, who worked for the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses with help from Eleanor Roosevelt, pressured the Army to admit African American nurses in 1941.[23] The first black nurse admitted to the program was Della H. Raney who was commissioned as a second lieutenant in April 1941.[24] The limit on black nurses was 48 in 1941 and they were mostly segregated from white nurses and soldiers.[23] In 1943, the Army set a limit on black nurses to 160.[22] That same year, the first African American medical unit, the 25th Station Hospital Unit, was deployed overseas to Liberia.[22] Later, nurses were deployed to Burma, where they treated black soldiers.[22] African American nurses also served in China, Australia, New Guinea, the Philippines, England and the US where they treated prisoners of war.[23] By the end of the war, there were 476 serving in the corps.[22]

On 26 February 1944 Congress passed a bill that granted Army and Navy Nurses actual military rank, approved for the duration of the war plus 6 months.[25]

The Cadet Nurse Corps was created because of a nationwide shortage of nurses. With over 8  million soldiers, sailors, and airmen, the needs were more than double those of World War I. Hundreds of new military hospitals were constructed for the expected flow of casualties. Fearing a massive wave of combat casualties once Japan was invaded in late 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called on Congress early in 1945 for permission to draft nurses. However, with the rapid collapse of Germany early in 1945, and the limitation of the war in the Pacific to a few islands, the draft was not needed and was never enacted.

 
Archbishop James Duhig meeting with United States Army nurses ca. 1944 at St Stephen's Cathedral.

By the end of the war, the Army and Army Air Forces (AAF) had 54,000 nurses, and the Navy had 11,000—all women.

 
U.S. Army nurse wearing a helmet and fatigue uniform.

Some 217 black nurses served in all-black Army medical units. The AAF was virtually autonomous by 1942 and likewise was its Nurse Corps. Much larger numbers of enlisted men served as medics. These men were in effect practical nurses who handled routine care under the direction of nurse officers. Likewise many enlisted Wacs and Wafs served in military hospitals. Medical advances greatly increased survival rates for the wounded: 96% of the 670,000 wounded soldiers and sailors who made it to a field hospital staffed by nurses and doctors survived their injuries. Amputations were seldom necessary to combat gangrene. Penicillin and sulfa drugs proved highly successful in this regard. Nurses were deeply involved with post-operative recovery procedures, air evacuation, and new techniques in psychiatry and anesthesia.

Upon Flikke's retirement in 1943, she was succeeded by Florence A. Blanchfield, who successfully promoted new laws in 1947, that established the Army, Navy, and Air Force Nurse Corps on a permanent basis, giving the nurses regular commissions on exactly the same terms as male officers. A month before she retired in 1947, Blanchfield became the first woman to hold a regular Army commission.

Prisoners of war

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See also: Angels of Bataan and Reba Z. Whittle
 
Army nurses in the Philippines liberated after three years as POWs

Korea

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During the Korean War, Army nurses would once again treat the wounded. Nurses would staff MASH units and standard emplaced hospitals in Japan and Korea. Nurses were on the forefront of battlefield medicine during the conflict, playing a major role in the treatment of the wounded U.N. forces within mere minutes or hours of the wounds being inflicted.

In September 1955, President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack while on vacation near Denver. He was hospitalized at Fitzsimons Army Medical Center. During his six weeks of recovery, Ike talked to his Army nurses. He discovered their quarters were substandard, that nurses rotated overseas more often than other soldiers and they were forced to leave the military at age fifty-five. Nurses were also promoted more slowly than other soldiers. Ike directed the corps be led by a brigadier general and that the other issues be corrected.[26]

Vietnam

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The Army Nurse Corps stopped being all-female in 1955;[27] that year Edward L.T. Lyon was the first man to receive a commission in the Army Nurse Corps.[28] During the Vietnam War many Army nurses would see deployment to South East Asia. Army nurses would staff all major Army hospitals in the theater, including Cam Ranh Bay, Da Nang, and Saigon. Vietnam would be the first major deployment of men as nurses into the combat theater, as men could be located in more hazardous locations than what was considered safe for females. Many Army nurses faced enemy fire for the first time due to the unconventional nature of the conflict, and several nurses would die from direct enemy fire. On at least one occasion, the US Army hospital at Cam Ranh Bay was assaulted and severely damaged, with a loss of both patient and staff life.

Currently

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Army Nurses are deployed all over the world, participating in humanitarian missions, and supporting the Global War on Terror.[29][30]

Modern Nurse Corps

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The Nurse Corps continues to operate as a part of the Army Medical Department. Most training is conducted at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Insignia and badges

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Nurse Corps branch of service insignia

The Nurse Corps has a distinctive insignia, a gold color metal caduceus, bearing an 'N' in black enamel.

Superintendents and chiefs

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From its founding in 1901 until after World War II in 1947, the Army Nurse Corps was led by a superintendent. Its nurses had no permanent commissioned rank. The Army-Navy Nurses Act took effect on 16 April 1947, establishing the Army Nurse Corps as a staff corps, with officers holding permanent commissioned ranks from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. The corps was to be led by a director holding the rank of colonel while in that position.

List of superintendents of the Army Nurse Corps[9]

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List of chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps

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Source:[31][9]

Army Nurse Corps officers

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Mission & Vision". U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  2. ^ "Army Nursing Team Creed" (PDF). U.S. Army Medical Department: Army Nurse Corps. December 2009. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  3. ^ "Is military nursing for you?". Nursing2019. 33: 22. January 2003. ISSN 0360-4039.
  4. ^ "Appointment of Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Army" (PDF). APD: Army Publishing Directorate. 1 September 1994. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  5. ^ "Appointment of Reserve Commissioned Officers for Assignment to Army Medical Department Branches" (PDF). APD: Army Publishing Directorate. 15 February 1984. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  6. ^ "Appointment of Commissioned and Warrant Officers in the Regular Army" (PDF). APD: Army Publishing Directorate. 21 November 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  7. ^ "Nurses". recruiting.army.mil. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  8. ^ "COL Burke". U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence: Army Nurse Corps. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "Highlights in the History of the Army Nurse Corps". history.army.mil. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  10. ^ "Women's Service with the Revolutionary Army". The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  11. ^ "Records of the office of the Surgeon General (Army)". National Archives. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  12. ^ "National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM): American Angels of Mercy: Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee's Pictorial Record of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904". www.medicalmuseum.mil. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  13. ^ Threat, Charissa J. (2015). Nursing Civil Rights: Gender and Race in the Army Nurse Corps. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252080777.
  14. ^ Gillett, Mary C. (1995). The Army Medical Department, 1865-1917 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 327–329.
  15. ^ Telford, Jennifer Casavant (13 December 2016). "The American Nursing Shortage during World War I: The Debate over the Use of Nurses' Aids". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 27 (1): 85–99. doi:10.3138/cbmh.27.1.85. PMID 20533784.
  16. ^ "The Army Nurse Corps". History.army.mil. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  17. ^ "ARMY: She-Soldiers". Time. 12 January 1942. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  18. ^ Fabien Levy (17 January 2012). "Congresswoman Hochul Presents Posthumous Honorable Discharge To Daughter of World War II Veteran | Congresswoman Kathy Hochul". Hochul.house.gov. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  19. ^ Chung, Rebecca Chan; Chung, Deborah D.L.; Wong, Cecilia Ng (2012). Piloted to Serve: Memoirs of Rebecca Chan Chung, World War II in China with Flying Tigers, U.S. Army and CNAC. Independently published. ISBN 9781467518642.
  20. ^ "The Betty H. Carter Women Veterans Historical Project - University Archives - University Libraries". Library.uncg.edu. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  21. ^ "CNAC Flight Stewadress Rebecca Chan". Cnac.org. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  22. ^ a b c d e Bellafaire, Judith (1993). The Army Nurse Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service. U.S. Army Center of Military History. pp. 8–9.
  23. ^ a b c Gregory, Ted (28 May 2001). "Forgotten war nurses keep their story alive". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  24. ^ "Negro Nurses". National Negro Health News. 12 (2): 7. April 1944 – via Google Books.
  25. ^ "Library of Congress, 78th Congress, 2nd Session" (PDF). www.loc.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  26. ^ Ambrose, Stephen (28 September 1984). Eisenhower the President. 5422: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0671499013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  27. ^ "84th Congress Public Law 294" (PDF). www.gpo.gov. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  28. ^ O'Lynn, Chad E.; Tranbarger, Russell E., eds. (2006). Men in Nursing: History, Challenges, and Opportunities. New York: Springer Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9780826103499. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  29. ^ "Women in the Army". US Army. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  30. ^ Cox, Debra. "Army Nurse Corps: More Than 100 Years of Service to Our Nation". Army Heritage Center Foundation. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  31. ^ "Office of Medical History - Superintendents and Chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps". History.amedd.army.mil. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  32. ^ "Major General Barbara R. Holcomb 25th Chief, Army Nurse Corps". e-anca.org. 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  33. ^ "Army Nurse Corps - Leadership". medcoe.army.mil. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  34. ^ "COL Burke". U.S. Army Medical Center of Excellence: Army Nurse Corps. 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  35. ^ "Brigadier General E. Ann Hoefly". US Air Force. Retrieved 30 November 2017.

Further reading

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  • Campbell, D'Ann. Women at War with American: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
  • Campbell, D'Ann . "Servicewomen of World War II," Armed Forces and Society (Win 1990) 16: 251–270.
  • Flikke, Julia. Nurses in action (1943) 239 pages
  • Gillett, Mary C. (1981), The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818, Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
  • Gillett, Mary C. (1987), The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
  • Gillett, Mary C. (1995), The Army Medical Department, 1865–1917, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
  • Gillett, Mary C. (2009), The Army Medical Department, 1917–1941, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
  • Krueger, David G. (2019), "The Red Cross, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the Origins of the Army Nurse Corps in the Spanish-American War." Journal of Military History, VOL 83, Issue 2, p. 409-434.
  • Center of Military History, The Army Nurse Corps, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
  • Monahan, Evelyn and Rosemary Neidel-Greenlee. And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II. New York: Knopf, 2003.
  • Norman, Elizabeth. We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese. New York: Random House, 1999.
  • Sarnecky, Mary T. A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), the standard scholarly history
  • Threat, Charissa J. Nursing Civil Rights: Gender and Race in the Army Nurse Corps. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.
  • Tomblin, Barbara Brooks. G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II (2004) 272 pages excerpt and text search
  • Vuic, Kara D. Officer, Nurse, Woman: The Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
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