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Quarter (United States coin)

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The quarter, formally known as the quarter dollar, is a coin in the United States valued at 25 cents, representing one-quarter of a dollar. Adorning its obverse is the profile of George Washington, while its reverse design has undergone frequent changes since 1998. Since its initial production in 1796, the quarter dollar has held a significant place in American numismatics, with consistent production since 1831.[1]

Quarter dollar
United States
Value0.25 U.S. Dollar
Mass0.2 oz. (5.67 g)
Diameter0.955 in. (24.257 mm)
Thickness0.069 in. (1.7526 mm)
Edge119 reeds
CompositionFrom 1965: 91.67% Cu, 8.33% Ni
1932–1964: 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g), 90% Ag, 10% Cu
Years of minting1796, 1804–1807, 1815–1828, 1831–1930, 1932, 1934–present
Catalog number1985
Obverse
DesignGeorge Washington bust
DesignerLaura Gardin Fraser
Design date1931
Design used2022–present
Reverse
DesignGeorge Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
DesignerBenjamin Sowards
Design date2021

It has a diameter of 0.955 inch (24.26 mm) and a thickness of 0.069 inch (1.75 mm). Its current version is composed of two layers of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) clad on a core of pure copper.[2] With the cupronickel layers comprising 1/3 of total weight, the coin's overall composition is therefore 8.33% nickel, 91.67% copper. Its weight is 0.1823 troy oz. or 0.2000 avoirdupois oz. (5.670 grams).

Designs before 1932

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The choice of a quarter-dollar as a denomination, as opposed to the 1⁄5 or the 20-cent piece that is more common elsewhere, originated with the practice of dividing Spanish milled dollars into eight wedge-shaped segments, which gave rise to the name "piece of eight" for that coin.[3] "Two bits" (that is, two eighths of a piece of eight) is a common nickname for a quarter.

From 1796 the quarter was minted with 0.2377 oz. (6.739 g) of 89.24% fine silver (.2121 oz. [6.014 g] fine silver), revised to 90% fine silver from 1838 to 1964. It weighed 0.2357 oz. (6.682 g) from 1838, 0.2194 oz. (6.22 g) from 1853, and 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g) from 1873 to 1964. Six designs, five regular and one commemorative, have been issued until 1930:

  • Draped Bust 1796–1807
    • Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796[4]
    • Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807[5]
  • Capped Bust 1815–1838
    • Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828[6]
    • Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838[7]
  • Seated Liberty 1838–1891
    • Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865[8]
    • Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891[9]
  • Barber 1892–1916[10]
  • Isabella quarter commemorative 1893
  • Standing Liberty 1916–1930[11]
    • Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917 (featured an image of Liberty with one of her breasts exposed[12])
    • Standing Liberty (Type 2 or Type 2a) 1917–1924
    • Standing Liberty (Type 3 or Type 2b) 1925–1930
  •  
    Capped Bust quarter, 1822
  •  
    Liberty Seated quarter with arrows and rays, 1853
  •  
    Barber quarter, 1914
  •  
    Type 1 Standing Liberty Quarter with bare breast, 1917
  •  
    Standing Liberty quarter, 1924

Washington quarter

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Main article: Washington quarter

The original version of the Washington quarter issued from 1932 to 1998 was designed by sculptor John Flanagan. The obverse depicted George Washington facing left, with "Liberty" above the head, the date below, and "In God We Trust" in the left field. The reverse depicted an eagle with wings outspread perches on a bundle of arrows framed below by two olive branches.

It was minted in 0.2204 oz. (6.25 g) of 90% fine silver until 1964, when rising silver prices forced the change into the present-day cupronickel-clad-copper composition, which was also called the "Johnson Sandwich" after then-president Lyndon B. Johnson. [13] As of 2011, it cost 11.14 cents to produce each coin. [14]

Regular issue Washington quarters:

Commemorative and bullion issue Washington quarters:

  •  
    Obverse and reverse of Washington quarter, 1983 (clad composition)
  •  
    Reverse of bicentennial quarter, 1976
  •  
    New Jersey-designed State Quarter, 1999

US states and territories quarters, 1999–2009

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Main articles: 50 State quarters and District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters

In 1999, the 50 State quarters program of circulating commemorative quarters began. These have a modified Washington obverse and a different reverse for each state, ending the former Washington quarter's production completely.[17] On January 23, 2007, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 392 extending the state quarter program one year to 2009, to include the District of Columbia and the five inhabited U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, the United States Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The bill passed through the Senate, and was signed into legislation by President George W. Bush as part of Pub. L. 110–161: the Consolidated Appropriations Act (text) (PDF), on December 27, 2007.[18][19] The typeface used in the state quarter series varies a bit from one state to another, but is generally derived from Albertus.[citation needed]

America the Beautiful quarters, 2010–2021

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Main article: America the Beautiful quarters

On June 4, 2008, the America's Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act of 2008, H.R. 6184, was introduced to the House of Representatives. On December 23, 2008, President Bush signed the bill into law as Pub. L. 110–456 (text) (PDF). The America the Beautiful quarters program began in 2010 and ended in 2021, lasting 12 years and depicting a natural or historic site for each state and territory.[20]

2021: Return of the original obverse, new legislation

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Following the conclusion of the America the Beautiful quarter series in 2021, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had the option of ordering a second round of 56 quarters, but did not do so by the end of 2018 as required in the 2008 legislation.

The quarter's design for 2021 therefore reverted to Flanagan's original obverse design, paired with a new reverse rendition of Washington crossing the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776. In October 2019, the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) met to consider designs, with the final choice made by Mnuchin.[21] On December 25, 2020, the Mint announced the successful design, by Benjamin Sowards as sculpted by Michael Gaudioso. This quarter was released into circulation on April 5, 2021, and was minted until the end of 2021.[22]

The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 (Pub. L. 116–330 (text) (PDF)) established three new series of quarters for the next decade. From 2022 to 2025, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring prominent American women, with a new obverse design of Washington. In 2026, there will be up to five designs representing the United States Semiquincentennial. From 2027 to 2030, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring youth sports. The obverse will also be redesigned in 2027, and even after 2030 is still to depict Washington.[23]

American Women Quarters

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Main article: American Women quarters

The American Women Quarters Program will issue up to five new reverse designs each year from 2022 to 2025 featuring the accomplishments and contributions made in various fields by women to American history and development. The obverse features Laura Gardin Fraser's portrait of George Washington originally intended for the first Washington quarter in 1932.[24]

Collecting silver Washington quarters

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The "silver series" of Washington quarters spans from 1932 to 1964; during many years in the series it will appear that certain mints did not mint Washington quarters for that year. No known examples of quarters were made in 1933, San Francisco abstained in 1934 and 1949, and stopped after 1955, until it resumed in 1968 by way of making proofs. Denver did not make quarters in 1938. Proof examples from 1936 to 1942 and 1950 to 1967 were struck at the Philadelphia Mint; in 1968, proof production was shifted to the San Francisco Mint. The current rarities for the Washington quarter "silver series" are:

Branch mintmarks are D = Denver, S = San Francisco. Coins without mintmarks were all made at the main Mint in Philadelphia. This listing is for business strikes, not proofs:

  • 1932-D
  • 1932-S
  • 1934 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
  • 1935-D
  • 1936-D
  • 1937 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
  • 1937-S
  • 1938-S
  • 1939-S
  • 1940-D
  • 1942-D – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
  • 1943 – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
  • 1943-S – with Doubled Die Obverse (DDO)
  • 1950-D/S Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-D, with underlying S mintmark)
  • 1950-S/D Over mintmark (coin is a 1950-S, with underlying D mintmark)

The 1940-D, 1936-D and the 1935-D coins, as well as many others in the series, are considerably more valuable than other quarters. This is not due to their mintages, but rather because they are harder to find in high grades (a situation referred to as "condition rarity"). Many of these coins are worth only melt value in low grades. Other coins in the above list are expensive because of their extremely low mintages, such as the 1932 Denver and San Francisco issues. The overstruck mintmark issues are also scarce and expensive, especially in the higher grades; even so they may not have the same popularity as overdates found in pre-Washington quarter series.

The 1934 Philadelphia strike appears in two versions: one with a light motto [for "In God We Trust"], which is the same as that used on the 1932 strikings, and the other a heavy motto seen after the dies were reworked. Except in the highest grades, the difference in value between the two is minor.

The mint mark on the coin is located on the reverse beneath the wreath on which the eagle is perched, and will either carry the mint mark "D" for the Denver Mint, "S" for the San Francisco Mint, or be blank if minted at the Philadelphia Mint.

Collecting clad Washington quarters

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The copper-nickel clad Washington quarter was first issued in 1965 and as part of the switch, the Denver mintmark was added in 1968, which did not reappear on any US coin denomination until 1968. For the first three years of clad production, in lieu of proof sets, specimen sets were specially sold as "Special Mint Sets" minted at the San Francisco mint in 1965, 1966, and 1967 (Deep Cameo versions of these coins are highly valued because of their rarity).

Currently, there are few examples in the clad series that are valued as highly as the silver series but there are certain extraordinary dates or variations. The deep cameo versions of proofs from 1965 to 1971 and 1981 Type 2 are highly valued because of their scarcity, high grade examples of quarters from certain years of the 1980s (such as 1981–1987) because of scarcity in high grades due to high circulation and in 1982 and 1983 no mint sets were produced making it harder to find mint state examples, and any coin from 1981 to 1994 graded in MS67 is worth upwards of $1000.

The mint mark on the coin is currently located on the obverse at the bottom right hemisphere under the supposed date. In 1965–1967 cupro-nickel coins bore no mint mark; quarters minted in 1968–1979 were stamped with a "D" for the Denver mint, an "S" for the San Francisco mint (proof coins only), or blank for Philadelphia. Starting in 1980, the Philadelphia mint was allowed to add its mint mark to all coins except the one-cent piece. Twenty-five-cent pieces minted from 1980 onwards are stamped with "P" for the Philadelphia mint, "D" for the Denver mint, or "S" for San Francisco mint.

Until 2012 the "S" mint mark was used only on proof coins, but beginning with the El Yunque (Puerto Rico) design in the America the Beautiful quarters program, the US Mint began selling (at a premium) uncirculated 40-coin rolls and 100-coin bags of quarters with the San Francisco mint mark. These coins were not included in the 2012 or later uncirculated sets or the three-coin ATB quarter sets (which consisted of an uncirculated "P" and "D" and proof "S" specimen) and no "S" mint-marked quarters are being released into circulation, so that mintages will be determined solely by direct demand for the "S" mint-marked coins.

In 2019, the West Point Mint released two million of each of the five designs that year with a "W" mint mark for general circulation, in a move intended to spur coin collecting.[25] This was continued in 2020,[26] which turned out to be the final year of the "W" mint marked quarters as no quarters with the mint mark have been produced since.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Quarter dollars" Archived January 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. coinfacts.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  2. ^ "Circulating Coins – Quarter Dollar". Usmint.gov. December 9, 2022. Archived from the original on September 17, 2009. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
  3. ^ "History of the Quarter – ModernCoinMart". ModernCoinMart (MCM). Retrieved July 18, 2019.
  4. ^ "1796 Quarter Dollar Draped Bust Small Eagle". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  5. ^ "1804–07 Quarter Dollar Draped Bust Heraldic Eagle". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  6. ^ "1815–28 Quarter Dollar Capped Bust Large Size". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  7. ^ "1831–38 Quarter Dollar Capped Bust Small Size". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  8. ^ "1838–66 Quarter Dollar Seated Liberty Without Motto". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  9. ^ "1866–91 Quarter Dollar Seated Liberty With Motto". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  10. ^ "1892–1916 Quarter Dollar Barber". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  11. ^ "1916–30 Quarter Dollar Standing Liberty". Coinsite.com. December 2013. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  12. ^ "The Bare-Breasted Standing Liberty Quarter of 1916 and 1917". Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  13. ^ History of the Washington Quarter Archived July 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Cost to Produce U.S." Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
  15. ^ "1932– Quarter Dollar Washington". Coinsite.com. August 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  16. ^ a b c "Gonzalez bill to honor American women on the quarter passes U.S. House of Representatives". U.S. Representative Anthony Gonzalez. September 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  17. ^ Statehood Quarters Archived February 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 7, 2010..
  18. ^ "bill H.R. 392". Theorator.com. January 23, 2007. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
  19. ^ "United States Mint to Produce New Quarters in 2009 to Honor District of Columbia and U.S. Territories" (Press release). United States Mint. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
  20. ^ "National Sites Quarters". Usmint.gov. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 25, 2009. Retrieved October 6, 2009.
  21. ^ Gilkes 2020.
  22. ^ "United States Mint announces new quarter dollar reverse design". United States Mint. December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  23. ^ "Text – H.R.1923 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020". Congress.gov. January 13, 2021. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  24. ^ "American Women Quarters Program | U.S. Mint". April 12, 2021.
  25. ^ "Mint Releases First Ever W Quarters Into Circulation". usmint.gov (Press release). United States Mint. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  26. ^ Gilkes, Paul (April 9, 2020). "Two 2020-W quarter dollars, not one, being distributed at once into circulation". coinworld.com. Amos Media Company. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
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