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County (United States)

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In the United States, a county or county equivalent is an administrative or political subdivision of a U.S. state or other territories of the United States which consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority.[3] The term "county" is used in 48 states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes and boroughs, respectively.[3] Counties and other local governments exist as a matter of U.S. state law, so the specific governmental powers of counties may vary widely between the states, with many providing some level of services to civil townships, municipalities, and unincorporated areas. Certain municipalities are in multiple counties; New York City is uniquely partitioned into five counties, referred to at the city government level as boroughs. Some municipalities have been consolidated with their county government to form consolidated city-counties, or have been legally separated from counties altogether to form independent cities. Conversely, counties in Connecticut and Rhode Island, eight of Massachusetts's 14 counties, and Alaska's Unorganized Borough have no government power, existing only as geographic distinctions.

County
CategorySecond-level administrative division
LocationStates, federal district and territories of the United States of America
Found inState
Number3,244 (including county equivalents in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the 100 county equivalents in the U.S. territories)
PopulationsGreatest: Los Angeles County, California—10,014,009 (2020)
Least: Loving County, Texas-64
8 entities[a] (county equivalents)—0 (2020)
Average: 104,435 (2019)
Median: Nicholas County, West Virginia—25,965 (2019)
AreasLargest: San Bernardino County, California—20,057 sq mi (51,950 km2)
Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska (county equivalent)—145,505 sq mi (376,860 km2)
Smallest: Kalawao County, Hawaii—12 sq mi (31 km2)
Falls Church, Virginia (county equivalent)—2 sq mi (5.2 km2)
Smallest (including territories): Kingman Reef (county equivalent)—0.01 sq mi (0.026 km2)[1][2]
Average: 1,208 sq mi (3,130 km2)
Government
Subdivisions

The United States Census Bureau uses the term "county equivalent" to describe places that are comparable to counties, but called by different names. Louisiana parishes, the organized boroughs of Alaska, independent cities, and the District of Columbia are equivalent to counties for administrative purposes. Alaska's Unorganized Borough is further divided into 11 census areas that are statistically equivalent to counties. In 2024, the U.S. Census Bureau began to also count Connecticut's Councils of Governments, which took over some of the regional powers from the state's former county governments, as county equivalents.

Territories of the United States do not have counties; instead, the United States Census Bureau also divides them into county equivalents. The U.S. Census Bureau counts American Samoa's districts and atolls as county equivalents.[4][5] American Samoa locally has places called "counties", but these entities are considered to be "minor civil divisions" (not true counties) by the U.S. Census Bureau.[5]

The number of counties per state ranges from the three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. County populations also vary widely: in 2017, according to the Census Bureau, more than half the U.S. population was concentrated in just 143 of the more than 3,000 counties, or just 4.6% of all counties; the five most populous counties, ordered from most to least, are Los Angeles County, California; Cook County, Illinois; Harris County, Texas; Maricopa County, Arizona; and San Diego County, California.[6]

As of 2022, there are 3,144 counties and county-equivalents in the 50 states and the District of Columbia.[7] If the 100 county equivalents in the U.S. territories are counted, then the total is 3,244 counties and county-equivalents in the United States.[8][9][4][5][b]

History

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The idea of counties originated with the counties of England. English (after 1707, British) colonists brought to their colonies in North America a political subdivision that they already used in the British metropole: the counties. Counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the administrative workload in Jamestown. The House of Burgesses divided the colony first into four "incorporations" in 1617 and finally into eight shires (or counties) in 1634: James City, Henrico, Charles City, Charles River, Warrosquyoake, Accomac, Elizabeth City, and Warwick River.[11] America's oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton (originally Accomac) County, dating to 1632.[12] Maryland established its first county, St. Mary's in 1637. In 1639, the Province of Maine founded York County. Massachusetts followed in 1643. Pennsylvania and New York delegated significant power and responsibility from the colony government to county governments and thereby established a pattern for most of the United States, although counties remained relatively weak in New England.[13]

When independence came, the framers of the Constitution left the matter to the states. Subsequently, state constitutions conceptualized county governments as arms of the state.[14] Louisiana instead adopted the local divisions called parishes that dated back to both the Spanish colonial and French colonial periods when the land was dominated by the Catholic Church.[15] In the twentieth century, the role of local governments strengthened and counties began providing more services, acquiring home rule and county commissions to pass local ordinances pertaining to their unincorporated areas.[14] In 1955, delegates to the Alaska Constitutional Convention wanted to avoid the traditional county system and adopted their own unique model with different types of boroughs varying in powers and duties.[16]

In some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties' smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called "towns". The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, depending on state law.

The newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county, previously part of four counties.[17][18] The newest county equivalents are the Alaskan census areas of Chugach and Copper River, both established in 2019,[19] and the Alaskan boroughs of Petersburg established in 2013, Wrangell established in 2008, and Skagway established in 2007.[20]

County variations

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Consolidated city-counties

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Main article: Consolidated city-county

A consolidated city-county is simultaneously a city, which is a municipality (municipal corporation), and a county, which is an administrative division of a state, having the powers and responsibilities of both types of entities. The city limit or jurisdiction is synonymous with the county line, as the two administrative entities become a non-dichotomous single entity. For this reason, a consolidated city-county is officially remarked as name of city – name of county (i.e., Augusta–Richmond County in Georgia). The same is true of the boroughs of New York City, each of which is coextensive with a county of New York State. For those entities in which the city uses the same name as the county, city and county of name may be used (i.e., City and County of Denver in Colorado).

Similarly, some of Alaska's boroughs have merged with their principal cities, creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, though often with population densities far below those of most urban areas.

There are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U.S.,[3] including Augusta–Richmond County; the City and County of Denver, Colorado; the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii; Indianapolis–Marion County, Indiana; Jacksonville–Duval County, Florida; Louisville–Jefferson County, Kentucky; Lexington–Fayette County, Kentucky; Kansas City–Wyandotte County, Kansas; Nashville–Davidson County, Tennessee; New Orleans–Orleans Parish, Louisiana; the City and County of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; City and County of San Francisco, California; and Lynchburg-Moore County, Tennessee

A consolidated city-county may still contain independent municipalities maintaining some governmental powers that did not merge with the rest of the county. For example, the government of Jacksonville–Duval County, Florida, still provides county-level services to the four independent municipalities within its borders: Atlantic Beach, Baldwin, Jacksonville Beach, and Neptune Beach.

County equivalents

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The term county equivalents is used by the United States Census Bureau to describe divisions that are comparable to counties but called by different names:[21]

  • Alaska boroughs: The state adopted the term "borough" instead of "county" to reflect Alaska's system with different classes of boroughs varying in governmental powers.[22]
  • Alaska census areas: Nearly half of the land area of Alaska is not contained within any of Alaska's 19 organized boroughs. This vast area, larger than France and Germany combined, is officially referred to by the Alaska state government as the Unorganized Borough and outside of other incorporated borough limits, has no independent "county" government, although several incorporated city governments exist within its boundaries; the majority of it is governed and run by the State of Alaska as an extension of state government.[c] The United States Census Bureau, in cooperation with the Alaska state government for census and electoral districting purposes, has divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas for statistical purposes only.[d]
  • Louisiana parishes: The usage of the term "parish" for a territorial entity or local government in Louisiana dates back to both the Spanish colonial and French colonial periods when the land was dominated by the Catholic Church. New Orleans is a consolidated city-parish.
  • Independent cities: These are cities that legally belong to no county. They differ from consolidated city-counties in that in the case of a consolidated city-county, the county at least nominally exists, whereas in the case of an independent city, no county even nominally exists.[25] There are 41 such cities in the United States: Baltimore, Maryland; Carson City, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; and all 38 cities in Virginia, where any area incorporated as a city is outside of the county jurisdiction.[26][27]
  • Washington, D.C.,[28] outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The City of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, which, in accordance with Article 1, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution, is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. When founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County (which now forms Arlington County and a portion of the independent city of Alexandria)—including the then City of Alexandria—was given back to Virginia. In 1871, the three remaining entities—the City of Washington, City of Georgetown, and Washington County (which was coterminous with the district)—were merged into a consolidated government of District of Columbia by an act of Congress. Georgetown was abolished as a city by another act in 1895.
  • Connecticut councils of governments (beginning in 2024): County governments were abolished in Connecticut in 1960. Regional councils of governments (COGs) have since been developed as a means of cooperation and coordination between municipalities. Application for the COGs to be considered county equivalents for statistical purposes was made to the Census Bureau in 2019, approved in 2022, and was fully implemented by 2024.[29]

Consolidated city-counties are not designated county equivalents for administrative purposes; since both the city and the county at least nominally exist, they are properly classified as counties in their own right. Likewise, the boroughs of New York City are coextensive with counties and are therefore by definition also not county equivalents.

Territories

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There are technically no counties in U.S. territories. American Samoa has its own counties, but the U.S. Census Bureau does not treat them as counties (instead, the U.S. Census Bureau treats American Samoa's three districts and two atolls as county equivalents).[4][5] American Samoa's counties are treated as minor civil divisions.[5] Most territories are directly divided into municipalities or similar units, which are treated as equivalent of counties for statistical purposes:[4][2][5][30][31]

The U.S. Census Bureau counts all of Guam as one county equivalent (with the FIPS code 66010),[4][5] while the USGS counts Guam's election districts (villages) as county equivalents.[32][33] The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 3 main islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands as county equivalents, while the USGS counts the districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands (of which there are 2) as county equivalents.[4][32]

Names and etymologies

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See also: Lists of U.S. county name etymologies

Common sources of county names are names of people, geographic features, places in other states or countries, and animals. Quite a few counties bear names of Native American, French, or Spanish origin.[34]

Counties are most often named for people, often political figures or early settlers, with over 2,100 of the 3,144 total so named. The most common county name, with 31, is Washington County, for America's first president, George Washington. Up until 1871, there was a Washington County within the District of Columbia, but it was dissolved by the District of Columbia Organic Act. Jefferson County, for Thomas Jefferson, is next with 26. The most recent president to have a county named for him was Warren G. Harding, reflecting the slowing rate of county creation since New Mexico and Arizona became states in 1912. The most common names for counties not named after a president are Franklin (25), Clay (18), and Montgomery (18).

After people, the next most common source of county names are geographic features and locations, with some counties even being named after counties in other states, or for places in other countries, such as the United Kingdom (the latter is most common in the area of the original Thirteen Colonies in the case of the United Kingdom, or in places which had a large number of immigrants from a particular area for other countries). The most common geographic county name is Lake. Words from Native American languages, as well as the names of Native American leaders and tribes, lend their names to many counties.[35] Quite a few counties bear names of French or Spanish origin, such as Marquette County being named after French missionary Father Jacques Marquette.[34]

The county's equivalent in the state of Louisiana, the parish (Fr. paroisse civile and Sp. parroquia) took its name during the state's French and Spanish colonial periods. Before the Louisiana Purchase and granting of statehood, government was often administered in towns where major church parishes were located. Of the original 19 civil parishes of Louisiana that date from statehood in 1807, nine were named after the Roman Catholic parishes from which they were governed.

County government

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Organization

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The structure and powers of a county government may be defined by the general law of the state or by a charter specific to that county. States may allow only general-law counties, only charter counties, or both. Generally, general-law local governments have less autonomy than chartered local governments.[36]

Counties are usually governed by an elected body, variously called the county commission, board of supervisors, commissioners' court, county council, county court, or county legislature. In cases in which a consolidated city-county or independent city exists, a city council usually governs city/county or city affairs. In some counties, day-to-day operations are overseen by an elected county executive or by a chief administrative officer or county administrator who reports to the board, the mayor, or both.

In many states, the board in charge of a county holds powers that transcend all three traditional branches of government. It has the legislative power to enact laws for the county; it has the executive power to oversee the executive operations of county government; and it has quasi-judicial power with regard to certain limited matters (such as hearing appeals from the planning commission if one exists).

In many states, several important officials are elected separately from the board of commissioners or supervisors and cannot be fired by the board. These positions may include county clerk, county treasurer, county surrogate, sheriff, and others.

District attorneys or state attorneys are usually state-level as opposed to county-level officials, but in many states, counties and state judicial districts have coterminous boundaries.

The site of a county's administration, and often the county courthouse, is generally called the county seat ("parish seat" in Louisiana, "borough seat" in Alaska, or "shire town" in several New England counties). The county seat usually resides in a municipality. However, some counties may have multiple seats or no seat. In some counties with no incorporated municipalities, a large settlement may serve as the county seat.

Scope of power

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The power of county governments varies widely from state to state, as does the relationship between counties and incorporated cities.

The powers of counties arise from state law and vary widely.[37] In Connecticut and Rhode Island,[38][39] counties are geographic entities, but not governmental jurisdictions. At the other extreme, Maryland counties and the county equivalent City of Baltimore handle almost all services, including public education, although the state retains an active oversight authority with many of these services.[40] Counties in Hawaii also handle almost all services since there is no formal level of government (municipality, public education, or otherwise) existing below that of the county in the state.[41]

In most Midwestern and Northeastern states, counties are further subdivided into townships or towns, which sometimes exercise local powers or administration. Throughout the United States, counties may contain other independent, self-governing municipalities.

Minimal scope

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In New England, counties function at most as judicial court districts and sheriff's departments (presently, in Connecticut only as judicial court districts—and in Rhode Island, they have lost both those functions and most others but they are still used by the United States Census Bureau and some other federal agencies for some federal functions), and most of the governmental authority below the state level is in the hands of towns and cities. In several of Maine's sparsely populated counties, small towns rely on the county for law enforcement, and in New Hampshire several social programs are administered at the state level. In Connecticut, Rhode Island, and parts of Massachusetts, counties are now only geographic designations, and they do not have any governmental powers. All government is either done at the state level or at the municipal level. In Connecticut and parts of Massachusetts, regional councils have been established to partially fill the void left behind by the abolished county governments.[e] The regional councils' authority is limited compared with a county government—they have authority only over infrastructure and land use planning, distribution of state and federal funds for infrastructure projects, emergency preparedness, and limited law enforcement duties.

Moderate scope

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In the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest, counties typically provide, at a minimum, courts, public utilities, libraries, hospitals, public health services, parks, roads, law enforcement, and jails. There is usually a county registrar, recorder, or clerk (the exact title varies) who collects vital statistics, holds elections (sometimes in coordination with a separate elections office or commission), and prepares or processes certificates of births, deaths, marriages, and dissolutions (divorce decrees). The county recorder normally maintains the official record of all real estate transactions. Other key county officials include the coroner/medical examiner, treasurer, assessor, auditor, comptroller, and district attorney.

In most states, the county sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer in the county. However, except in major emergencies where clear chains of command are essential, the county sheriff normally does not directly control the police departments of city governments, but merely cooperates with them (e.g., under mutual aid pacts). Thus, the most common interaction between county and city law enforcement personnel is when city police officers deliver suspects to sheriff's deputies for detention or incarceration in the county jail.

In most states, the state courts and local law enforcement are organized and implemented along county boundaries, but nearly all of the substantive and procedural law adjudicated in state trial courts originates from the state legislature and state appellate courts. In other words, most criminal defendants are prosecuted for violations of state law, not local ordinances, and if they, the district attorney, or police seek reforms to the criminal justice system, they will usually have to direct their efforts towards the state legislature rather than the county (which merely implements state law).

A typical criminal defendant will be arraigned and subsequently indicted or held over for trial before a trial court in and for a particular county where the crime occurred, kept in the county jail (if he is not granted bail or cannot make bail), prosecuted by the county's district attorney, and tried before a jury selected from that county. But long-term incarceration is rarely a county responsibility, execution of capital punishment is never a county responsibility, and the state's responses to prisoners' appeals are the responsibility of the state attorney general, who has to defend before the state appellate courts the prosecutions conducted by locally elected district attorneys in the name of the state. Furthermore, county-level trial court judges are officers of the judicial branch of the state government rather than county governments.

In many states, the county controls all unincorporated lands within its boundaries. In states with a township tier, unincorporated land is controlled by the townships. Residents of unincorporated land who are dissatisfied with county-level or township-level resource allocation decisions can attempt to vote to incorporate as a city, town, or village.

A few counties directly provide public transportation themselves, usually in the form of a simple bus system. However, in most counties, public transportation is provided by one of the following: a special district that is coterminous with the county (but exists separately from the county government), a multi-county regional transit authority, or a state agency.

Broad scope

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In western and southern states, more populated counties provide many facilities, such as airports, convention centers, museums, recreation centers, beaches, harbors, zoos, clinics, law libraries, and public housing. They provide services such as child and family services, elder services, mental health services, welfare services, veterans assistance services, animal control, probation supervision, historic preservation, food safety regulation, and environmental health services. They have many additional officials like public defenders, arts commissioners, human rights commissioners, and planning commissioners.

There may be a county fire department and a county police department – as distinguished from fire and police departments operated by individual cities, special districts, or the state government. For example, Gwinnett County, Georgia, and its county seat, the city of Lawrenceville, each have their own police departments. (A separate county sheriff's department is responsible for security of the county courts and administration of the county jail.) In several southern states, public school systems are organized and administered at the county level.

Statistics

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Main article: County statistics of the United States
Further information: List of United States counties and county equivalents

As of 2024, there were 2,999 counties, 64 Louisiana parishes, 19 organized boroughs and 11 census areas in Alaska, 9 Councils of Government in Connecticut, 41 independent cities,[f] and the District of Columbia for a total of 3,144 counties and county equivalents in the 50 states and District of Columbia.[7] There are an additional 100 county equivalents in the territories of the United States.[4][5][2] The average number of counties per state is 62, with a range from the three counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas.

Southern and Midwestern states generally tend to have more counties than Western or Northeastern states, as many Northeastern states are not large enough in area to warrant a large number of counties, and many Western states were sparsely populated when counties were created by their respective state legislatures. The five counties of Rhode Island and eight of the 14 counties of Massachusetts no longer have functional county governments, but continue to exist as legal and census entities. Connecticut abolished county governments in 1960, leaving its eight counties as mere legal and census entities. In 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau recognized the state's nine Councils of Governments as replacement for the state's eight legacy counties for all statistical purposes; full implementation was completed in 2024.

The counties and county equivalents of the United States of America, by state or territory
State, federal district
or territory 		Total Subdivisions[7] Average
2019 population[43] Land area[44] Counties Equivalents Total Population Land area
  Alabama 4,903,185 50,645 sq mi
131,171 km2 		67 — 67 73,182 756 sq mi
1,958 km2
  Alaska 731,545 570,641 sq mi
1,477,953 km2 		— 30[g] 30 24,385 19,677 sq mi
50,964 km2
  Arizona 7,278,717 113,594 sq mi
294,207 km2 		15 — 15 485,248 7,573 sq mi
19,614 km2
  Arkansas 3,017,825 52,035 sq mi
134,771 km2 		75 — 75 40,238 694 sq mi
1,797 km2
  California 39,512,223 155,779 sq mi
403,466 km2 		58 — 58 681,245 2,686 sq mi
6,956 km2
  Colorado 5,758,736 103,642 sq mi
268,431 km2 		64 — 64 89,980 1,619 sq mi
4,194 km2
  Connecticut 3,565,287 4,842 sq mi
12,542 km2 		— 9[h] 9 445,661 605 sq mi
1,568 km2
  Delaware 973,764 1,949 sq mi
5,047 km2 		3 — 3 324,588 650 sq mi
1,682 km2
  District of Columbia 705,749 61 sq mi
158 km2 		— 1[i] 1 705,749 61 sq mi
158 km2
  Florida 21,477,737 53,625 sq mi
138,887 km2 		67 — 67 320,563 800 sq mi
2,073 km2
  Georgia 10,617,423 57,513 sq mi
148,959 km2 		159 — 159 66,776 362 sq mi
937 km2
  Hawaii 1,415,872 6,423 sq mi
16,635 km2 		5 — 5 283,174 1,285 sq mi
3,327 km2
  Idaho 1,787,065 82,643 sq mi
214,045 km2 		44 — 44 40,615 1,878 sq mi
4,865 km2
  Illinois 12,671,821 55,519 sq mi
143,793 km2 		102 — 102 124,234 544 sq mi
1,410 km2
  Indiana 6,732,219 35,826 sq mi
92,789 km2 		92 — 92 73,176 389 sq mi
1,009 km2
  Iowa 3,155,070 55,857 sq mi
144,669 km2 		99 — 99 31,869 564 sq mi
1,461 km2
  Kansas 2,913,314 81,759 sq mi
211,754 km2 		105 — 105 27,746 779 sq mi
2,017 km2
  Kentucky 4,467,673 39,486 sq mi
102,269 km2 		120 — 120 37,231 329 sq mi
852 km2
  Louisiana 4,648,794 43,204 sq mi
111,898 km2 		— 64[j] 64 72,637 675 sq mi
1,748 km2
  Maine 1,344,212 30,843 sq mi
79,883 km2 		16 — 16 84,013 1,928 sq mi
4,993 km2
  Maryland 6,045,680 9,707 sq mi
25,142 km2 		23 1[k] 24 251,903 404 sq mi
1,048 km2
  Massachusetts 6,949,503 7,800 sq mi
20,202 km2 		14 — 14 496,393 557 sq mi
1,443 km2
  Michigan 9,986,857 56,539 sq mi
146,435 km2 		83 — 83 120,324 681 sq mi
1,764 km2
  Minnesota 5,639,632 79,627 sq mi
206,232 km2 		87 — 87 64,823 915 sq mi
2,370 km2
  Mississippi 2,976,149 46,923 sq mi
121,531 km2 		82 — 82 36,295 572 sq mi
1,482 km2
  Missouri 6,137,428 68,742 sq mi
178,040 km2 		114 1[l] 115 53,369 598 sq mi
1,548 km2
  Montana 1,068,778 145,546 sq mi
376,962 km2 		56 — 56 19,085 2,599 sq mi
6,731 km2
  Nebraska 1,934,408 76,824 sq mi
198,974 km2 		93 — 93 20,800 826 sq mi
2,140 km2
  Nevada 3,080,156 109,781 sq mi
284,332 km2 		16 1[m] 17 181,186 6,458 sq mi
16,725 km2
  New Hampshire 1,359,711 8,953 sq mi
23,187 km2 		10 — 10 135,971 895 sq mi
2,319 km2
  New Jersey 8,882,190 7,354 sq mi
19,047 km2 		21 — 21 422,961 350 sq mi
907 km2
  New Mexico 2,096,829 121,298 sq mi
314,161 km2 		33 — 33 63,540 3,676 sq mi
9,520 km2
  New York 19,453,561 47,126 sq mi
122,057 km2 		62 — 62 313,767 760 sq mi
1,969 km2
  North Carolina 10,488,084 48,618 sq mi
125,920 km2 		100 — 100 104,881 486 sq mi
1,259 km2
  North Dakota 762,062 69,001 sq mi
178,711 km2 		53 — 53 14,379 1,302 sq mi
3,372 km2
  Ohio 11,689,100 40,861 sq mi
105,829 km2 		88 — 88 132,831 464 sq mi
1,203 km2
  Oklahoma 3,956,971 68,595 sq mi
177,660 km2 		77 — 77 51,389 891 sq mi
2,307 km2
  Oregon 4,217,737 95,988 sq mi
248,608 km2 		36 — 36 117,159 2,666 sq mi
6,906 km2
  Pennsylvania 12,801,989 44,743 sq mi
115,883 km2 		67 — 67 191,074 668 sq mi
1,730 km2
  Rhode Island 1,059,361 1,034 sq mi
2,678 km2 		5 — 5 211,872 207 sq mi
536 km2
  South Carolina 5,148,714 30,061 sq mi
77,857 km2 		46 — 46 111,929 653 sq mi
1,693 km2
  South Dakota 884,659 75,811 sq mi
196,350 km2 		66 — 66 13,404 1,149 sq mi
2,975 km2
  Tennessee 6,833,174 41,235 sq mi
106,798 km2 		95 — 95 71,928 434 sq mi
1,124 km2
  Texas 28,995,881 261,232 sq mi
676,587 km2 		254 — 254 114,157 1,028 sq mi
2,664 km2
  Utah 3,205,958 82,170 sq mi
212,818 km2 		29 — 29 110,550 2,833 sq mi
7,339 km2
  Vermont 623,989 9,217 sq mi
23,871 km2 		14 — 14 44,571 658 sq mi
1,705 km2
  Virginia 8,535,519 39,490 sq mi
102,279 km2 		95 38[n] 133 64,177 416 sq mi
1,077 km2
  Washington 7,614,893 66,456 sq mi
172,119 km2 		39 — 39 195,254 1,704 sq mi
4,413 km2
  West Virginia 1,792,147 24,038 sq mi
62,259 km2 		55 — 55 32,584 437 sq mi
1,132 km2
  Wisconsin 5,822,434 54,158 sq mi
140,268 km2 		72 — 72 80,867 752 sq mi
1,948 km2
  Wyoming 578,759 97,093 sq mi
251,470 km2 		23 — 23 25,163 4,221 sq mi
10,933 km2
United States
(50 states and the District of Columbia) 		328,239,523 3,531,905 sq mi
9,147,592 km2 		2,999 145 3,144 104,435 1,124 sq mi
2,910 km2
  American Samoa[o] 51,504 77 sq mi
199 km2 		— 5 5 11,104 15 sq mi
40 km2
  Guam[p] 162,742 210 sq mi
540 km2 		— 1 1 162,742 210 sq mi
540 km2
  Northern Mariana Islands[q] 52,263 179 sq mi
464 km2 		— 4 4 13,066 45 sq mi
116 km2
  Puerto Rico[r] 3,193,694 3,515 sq mi
9,104 km2 		— 78 78 40,945 45 sq mi
116 km2
  U.S. Minor Outlying Islands[s][t] 160 13 sq mi
34 km2 		— 9 9 18 1 sq mi
4 km2
  U.S. Virgin Islands[u] 104,901 134 sq mi
346 km2 		— 3 3 34,967 45 sq mi
115 km2
United States
(50 states, the District of Columbia,
and territories) 		330,744,054 3,535,948 sq mi
9,158,064 km2 		2,999 245 3,244 101,987 1,091 sq mi
2,825 km2

Population

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County population map
2022 Census data

The average U.S. county population was 104,435 in 2019, while the median county, which is Nicholas County, West Virginia, had a population of 25,965 in 2019. The most populous county is Los Angeles County, California, with 10,014,009 residents in 2020. This number is greater than the populations of 41 U.S. states, and is only slightly smaller than the combined population of the 10 least populous states and Washington, D.C. It also makes the population of Los Angeles County 17.4 times greater than that of the least populous state, Wyoming.

The second most populous county is Cook County, Illinois, with a population of 5,275,541.[49] Cook County's population is larger than that of 28 individual U.S. states and the combined populations of the six smallest states.[49]

The least populous county is Loving County, Texas, with 64 residents in 2020. Eight county equivalents in the U.S. territories have no human population: Rose Atoll, Northern Islands Municipality, Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, and Navassa Island.[2][50][51] The remaining three islands in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands (Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island) have small non-permanent human populations. The county equivalent with the smallest non-zero population counted in the census is Swains Island, American Samoa (17 people),[52] although since 2008 this population has not been permanent either.[53][54][55][56]

The most densely populated county or county equivalent is New York County, New York (coextensive with the New York City Borough of Manhattan), with 72,033 persons per square mile (27,812 persons/km2) in 2015. The Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, is both the most extensive and the least densely populated county or county equivalent with 0.0380 persons per square mile (0.0147 persons/km2) in 2015.[49]

In the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia), a total of 981 counties have a population over 50,000; 592 counties have a population over 100,000; 137 counties have a population over 500,000; 45 counties have a population over 1,000,000; and 14 counties have a population over 2,000,000. At the other extreme, 35 counties have a population under 1,000; 307 counties have a population under 5,000; 709 counties have a population under 10,000; and 1,492 counties have a population between 10,000 and 50,000.[49]

Area

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A highway sign designating the border between Nicholas and Greenbrier counties in West Virginia along a secondary road

At the 2000 U.S. Census, the median land area of U.S. counties was 622 sq mi (1,610 km2), which is two-thirds of the median land area of a ceremonial county of England, and a little more than a quarter of the median land area of a French département. Counties in the western United States typically have a much larger land area than those in the eastern United States. For example, the median land area of counties in Georgia is 343 sq mi (890 km2), whereas in Utah it is 2,427 sq mi (6,290 km2).

The most extensive county or county equivalent is the Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, with a land area of 145,505 square miles (376,856 km2). All nine of the most extensive county equivalents are in Alaska. The most extensive county is San Bernardino County, California, with a land area of 20,057 square miles (51,947 km2). The least extensive county is Kalawao County, Hawaii, with a land area of 11.991 square miles (31.058 km2). The least extensive county equivalent in the 50 states is the independent city of Falls Church, Virginia, with a land area of 1.999 square miles (5.177 km2).[3] If U.S. territories are included, the least extensive county equivalent is Kingman Reef, with a land area of 0.01 square miles (0.03 km2).[1]

Geographic relationships between cities and counties

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In some states, a municipality may be in only one county and may not annex territory in adjacent counties, but in the majority of states, the state constitution or state law allows municipalities to extend across county boundaries. At least 32 states include municipalities in multiple counties. Dallas, for example, contains portions of five counties, while numerous other cities comprise portions of four counties. New York City is an unusual case because it encompasses multiple entire counties in one city. Each of those counties is coextensive with one of the five boroughs of the city: Manhattan (New York County), The Bronx (Bronx County), Queens (Queens County), Brooklyn (Kings County), and Staten Island (Richmond County).

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ The 8 county equivalents with zero people are Rose Atoll (American Samoa), Northern Islands Municipality (Northern Mariana Islands), Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef and Navassa Island
  2. ^ At the time of the 2010 census, 3,143 counties and equivalents were recorded in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, with another 100 county equivalents recorded in the territories (when the nine Minor Outlying Islands are included). Since that time, the independent city of Bedford, Virginia, was dissolved and had its territory added to Bedford County, Virginia. Also, Alaska's Petersburg census area was incorporated as Petersburg Borough and the Valdez–Cordova Census Area was split into the Copper River and Chugach census areas. On June 6, 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau formally recognized Connecticut's nine councils of government as county equivalents instead of the state's eight counties. Connecticut's eight historical counties continue to exist in name only, and are no longer considered for statistical purposes.[10] The net result of these changes has been the number of counties and equivalents increasing to 3,144.
  3. ^ The Unorganized Borough formed by the Borough Act of 1961 is a legal entity, run by the Alaska state government as an extension of State government.[23] It and the independently incorporated Unified, Home Rule, First Class and Second Class boroughs roughly correspond to parishes in Louisiana and to counties in the other 48 states.[24]
  4. ^ These 11 statistical areas are used solely by the United States Census Bureau to tabulate population and other census statistics within the Unorganized Borough; they have no legal basis in Alaska state or federal law other than for electoral representation and federal financial assistance purposes.
  5. ^ Unlike in Massachusetts, Connecticut's regional councils do not conform to the old county lines, but rather, they are composed of towns that share the same geographic area and have similar demographics.
  6. ^ Prior to July 1, 2016, there were 42 independent cities. At that time, Bedford, Virginia, gave up its city status and became a town within Bedford County.[42]
  7. ^ Alaska has 19 organized boroughs and one Unorganized Borough divided into 11 census areas.
  8. ^ On June 6, 2022, the U.S. Census Bureau formally recognized Connecticut's nine councils of governments as county equivalents instead of the state's eight counties. Connecticut's county governments were disbanded in 1960, and the councils of governments took over some of the local governmental functions. Connecticut's eight historical counties continue to exist in name only, and are no longer considered for statistical purposes.
  9. ^ The U.S. Census Bureau and the Office of Management and Budget consider the entire District of Columbia to be a county equivalent.
  10. ^ Louisiana has 64 parishes instead of counties.
  11. ^ Baltimore, Maryland is an independent city.
  12. ^ St. Louis, Missouri is an independent city.
  13. ^ Carson City, Nevada is an independent city.
  14. ^ Virginia has 38 independent cities.
  15. ^ Although American Samoa has 15 counties,[45][46][47] they are not counted by the U.S. Census Bureau. The Bureau instead counts American Samoa's 3 districts and 2 atolls as county equivalents.[48][4]
  16. ^ Guam does not have counties. All of Guam is counted as one county equivalent by the U.S. Census Bureau.
  17. ^ The Northern Mariana Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 4 municipalities of the Northern Mariana Islands as county equivalents.
  18. ^ Puerto Rico does not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts Puerto Rico's 78 municipalities as county equivalents.
  19. ^ The U.S. Minor Outlying Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts each of the 9 island groups in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands as county equivalents.
  20. ^ The Minor Outlying Islands have no permanent residents. All reported population consists of temporary military and scientific habitation.
  21. ^ The U.S. Virgin Islands do not have counties. The U.S. Census Bureau counts the 3 main islands (Saint Croix, Saint Thomas and Saint John) as county equivalents.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Kingman Reef". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "Territories of United States Minor Outlying Islands". Statoids.com. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d "An Overview of County Government". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on April 17, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "2010 FIPS Codes for Counties and County Equivalent Entities". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities (Chapter 4)" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  6. ^ El Nasser, Haya (October 24, 2017). "Big and Small America". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  7. ^ a b c "County Totals Datasets: Population, Population Change and Estimated Components of Population Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  8. ^ "2010 Census Geographic Entity Tallies by State and Type". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 17, 2015.
  9. ^ "Substantial Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970–Present". United States Census Bureau.
  10. ^ United States Census Bureau (June 6, 2022). "Change to County-Equivalents in the State of Connecticut". Federal Register. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
  11. ^ Harch, Charles E. (1957). The First Seventeen Years, Virginia, 1607–1624. Jamestown 350th Anniversary Historical. pp. 20, 75–76.
  12. ^ "Historic Court East Greenville". Northampton County, Virginia.
  13. ^ Reynolds, Osborne M. Jr. (2009). Local Government Law (3rd ed.). St. Paul: West. p. 19.
  14. ^ a b "Learn About What Counties Do". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on November 22, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2015.
  15. ^ Tabor, B. "Louisiana parishes". Bryansite. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022.
  16. ^ "Local Government". Alaska Humanities Forum. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  17. ^ Rubino, Joe (December 24, 2011). "Broomfield 50th anniversary: Success in first 50 years stemmed from bold actions". Broomfield Enterprise. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  18. ^ "Broomfield History". City and County of Broomfield. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  19. ^ "Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970-Present". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  20. ^ Viechnicki, Joe (January 3, 2013). "Petersburg Becomes 19th Borough In Alaska". Alaska Public Media.
  21. ^ "County and equivalent entity". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  22. ^ "Local Government". Alaska Humanities Forum. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
  23. ^ "Alaska Statutes Title 29 Chapter 03. The Unorganized Borough". Local Government On-Line, Division of Community and Regional Affairs, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. August 18, 1998. Archived from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  24. ^ "Local Government in Alaska" (PDF). Local Boundary Commission, Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development. February 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  25. ^ Cities 101 – Consolidations, from National League of Cities
  26. ^ "Population and Area of All Virginia Local Governments, 1790–2010" (PDF). Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development. April 19, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
  27. ^ "County & County Equivalent Areas". United States Census Bureau. April 19, 2005. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.
  28. ^ "2010 FIPS Code Files for Counties and County Equivalent Entities". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  29. ^ "Governor Lamont Announces U.S. Census Bureau Approves Proposal for Connecticut's Planning Regions To Become County Equivalents" (Press release). The Office of Governor Ned Lamont. June 6, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  30. ^ US Realm Taskforce Work Group. "US counties and county equivalent entities codes". FHIR. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018.
  31. ^ "Census Bureau Code Lists: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)". U.S. Census Bureau. April 23, 2019.
  32. ^ a b "How many counties are there in the United States?". USGS.gov. Archived from the original on September 7, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  33. ^ "Guam – Election Districts" (PDF). Census.gov. 2012.
  34. ^ a b Kane, Joseph Nathan; Aiken, Charles Curry (2004). The American Counties: Origins of County Names, Dates of Creation, and Population Data, 1950-2000. Scarecrow Press. p. vii-xii. ISBN 978-0-8108-5036-1.
  35. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613576X
  36. ^ General law local government, from Ballotpedia
  37. ^ Reynolds, Osborne M. Jr. (2001). Handbook of Local Government Law (2nd ed.). St. Paul: West Group. p. 26.
  38. ^ "Connecticut State Register and Manual, Section VI: Counties". Connecticut Secretary of the State. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2010. There are no county seats in Connecticut. County government was abolished effective October 1, 1960; counties function only as geographical subdivisions.
  39. ^ "Facts & History". Retrieved January 23, 2010. Rhode Island has no county government. It is divided into 39 municipalities each having its own form of local government.
  40. ^ "Direct links to all 24 Maryland Local Education Agencies' web sites". Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  41. ^ "Hawaii State: Facts & Figures – Des Osman Realty". Archived from the original on December 18, 2012.
  42. ^ Faulconer, Justin (July 1, 2013). "Bedford reversion to town becomes official today". The News & Advance. Lynchburg, VA. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
  43. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019". 2010-2019 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 30, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  44. ^ "Table 358. Land and Water Area of States and Other Entities: 2008". Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012. United States Census Bureau. May 1, 2008. Archived from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  45. ^ Revised Constitution of American Samoa Archived June 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, American Samoa Bar Association.
  46. ^ 2.0202 Districts Archived June 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, Code Annotated, American Samoa Bar Association.
  47. ^ 6.0102 Definitions, Code Annotated, American Samoa Bar Association.
  48. ^ "Counties of American Samoa". Statoids.com. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  49. ^ a b c d "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  50. ^ "Municipalities of Northern Mariana Islands". Statoids.com. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  51. ^ "Districts of American Samoa". Statoids.com. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  52. ^ "Swains Island". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  53. ^ Unlocking the Secrets of Swains Island Archived July 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, September 2013.
  54. ^ Swains Island, Charles A. Veley, 27 November 2008.
  55. ^ Assessment of the Birds of Swains Island, American Samoa, Andrew Titmus, Nicola Arcilla, and Christopher Lepczyk, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, March 2016.
  56. ^ Atoll envisioned as a model for sustainability, Star Advertiser, 20 September 2014.
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