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Ningthou Ching-Thang Khomba (also Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra, Jai Singh Maharaja) (1748–1799) was a Meitei monarch of the 18th century CE. He is known for having invented the Manipuri Raas Leela dance. His daughter Shija Lailoibi played the role of Radha at the first performance and became a popular figure in Manipur.[1] He is also credited with spreading Vaishnavism in Manipur State (after his grandfather Pamheiba made Hinduism the official religion) and thereby creating a unified Manipur.[2] Much of his history is mythologized.
| Ching-Thang Khomba | |
|---|---|
 | |
| King of Manipur | |
| Reign | 1759–1762, 1763–1798 |
| Coronation | 7th Sajibu, 1759 |
| Predecessor | Maramba |
| Successor | Labeinya Chandra |
| Born | 13th Poinu 1748 Janmasthan Moirangkhom, Imphal |
| Died | 1798 Murshidabad, West Bengal |
| Spouse | Akham Chanu Bhanumati |
| Issue | Labeinya Chandra Madhuchandra Tulsijit Kuranganayani Shija Lailoibi Chaurajit Marjit Daoji Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba |
| House | House of Karta |
| Dynasty | Ningthouja dynasty |
| Father | Shyamjai Khurailakpa |
| Mother | Wahengbam Chanu Chakha Loikhombi |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Occupation | Rajarshi – Raja (monarch) as well as Rishi (saint) |
Early years
editMaharaja Bhagya Chandra ascended to the throne of Manipur in 1759, eight years after the death of his grandfather Pamheiba and his father Samjai Khurai-Lakpa at the hands of his uncle Chitsai.[3] In 1762, Manipur was attacked by the Burmese, assisted by the Chitsai. He, along with his queen and a few loyal attendants, fled to Ahom (modern-day Assam), where they lived under the protection of the Ahom ruler, Rajeswar Singha.
Life in Assam
editChitsai wrote a letter to Rajeswar Singha saying that the person taking refuge at his court was not the true Bhagya Chandra, and advised Singha to banish Bhagya Chandra. Singha was somewhat persuaded by this letter and began treating Bhagya Chandra with suspicion.[4]
In Meitei legends, the real Bhagya Chandra was said to have had supernatural powers. To see whether the usurper was correct, Singha designed a test at the behest of his court. In a public arena, Bhagya Chandra, while unarmed, was to catch and tame a wild elephant.
Confronted with insurmountable odds, King Bhagyachandra is said to have prayed to Govinda (Krishna) for guidance. Govinda appeared to him in a dream and instructed him to enter the arena donning a garland while holding japa beads. At the end of the instructions, Govinda assured him of victory.[4]
The dream also stated that Bhagya Chandra would be the sole king of Manipur. Upon regaining the kingdom, he should install a Krishna murti. The deity, Govinda, should be carved from a certain old jackfruit tree growing on the slopes of Kaina hill.
After installing the deity, Govinda said the king should arrange for the performance of a Rasa-Lila, in which Krishna would be worshipped with song and dance. Bhagya Chandra also received in this vision a complete plan on how to execute the Ras Lila.[4]
Bhagya Chandra entered the arena, donning the garland and japa as instructed in his vision. In the ensuing fight, the spectators noted that the elephant seemed to recoil as if struck by a ghost. King Bhagya Chandra said that he saw "Lord Krishna as the mahout".[4]
Retaking of Manipur
editFirst expedition
editAfter the duel, Bhagya Chandra appealed to Rajeswar Singha for military assistance. Singha agreed and sent an army to overthrow Chitsai and reinstate Bhagya Chandra. The expedition was set back in Nagaland where they were attacked by Naga tribesmen and poisonous snakes. Rajeswar Singha called off the unsuccessful venture in 1767.
Second expedition
editIn November 1768, Bhagya Chandra and Rajeswar Singha decided to make another attempt to invade Manipur. Bhagya Chandra led 10,000 Ahom troops across the Kachari kingdom to the Mirap river. Many battles ensued between the Ahoms and Meiteis on one side, and the Naga, Chitsai and the Burmese on the other. In 1773, Bhagya Chandra was reinstated as the king of Manipur.[5]
Dealings with the East India Company
editIn 1762, the British and Manipur signed a bilateral treaty with Gaurisiam, which spelled that the British and Meiteis would encourage trade and commerce. The British gave necessary help for protection against the Burmese and Naga. Manipur gave up a village for an East India Company post. The name "Manipur" (assigned by the British for Ching-Thang's kingdom) for what was called "Meitrabak" came into being in 1774 when the Governor General of India Mr. Rendel, surveyed the area westward from Ningthi to Cachar and Northward from Chittagong to the Brahmaputra and renamed it.[3]
Reign
edit
In 1775 he established his capital at Bishenpur and carved the Govinda murti at the hill of Kaina. On January 11th 1779 he was "re-crowned" amid many performances of his now-popular Rasa Lila dance.[3]
During his reign, the Meiteis repelled the Burmese from Manipur. Though his exploits did not equal Pamheiba's, his reign was characterized by security. He was a great patron of the arts and religion, and his strong Manipuri Vaishnavism reflected on the Meiteis. He was an ardent devotee of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and during his reign a statue of Nityananda was created.[6]
In 1796 he moved his capital to Kangla. A year later, on February 5th 1798, he abdicated the throne to his eldest son Labeinyachandra.[7] He spent his later years on pilgrimage to various Vaisnavit holy sites, including Nabadwip. He died on December 25th 1798 in Murshidabad, West Bengal.[8]
Family
editChing-Thang Khomba was son of Samjai Khurai-Lakpa, who had two brothers Mantri Ananda Shai and Chitsai. Ching-Thang had many siblings, the most famous of whom was Gaurisiam, King of Manipur until his death in 1763.[3]
Cultural works
editThe tradition of Rasa Lila in Manipur is attributed to Ching-Thang. The first Manipur Maha Rasleela was performed in 1777.[3][9]
It was his daughter Shija Lailoibi who first took the role of Radha in the Manipuri Raas Leela dance.
Under the influence of Bengali missionaries, he also started the tradition of Sankirtan in Manipur. [10]
Literary works
edit- Laithok Laikha Jogi[10]
References
edit- ^ Sheram, AK (2012). "Manipuri, The". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ "Manipur". Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "History of Manipur – The Medieval Period". IIT Guwahati. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d Swami, Jayadwait. "Manipur – A Land of Krishna Conscious Culture". Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ C. E. A. W. O. (1927). "A History of Assam by Edward Gait". The Geographical Journal. 69 (3): 271. doi:10.2307/1782048. JSTOR 1782048.
- ^ Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) [1963]. "Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation". In Rowena Robinson (ed.). Sociology of Religion in India. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. ISBN 0-7619-9781-4. p. 128.
- ^ Sana, Rajkumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs ( From 1666 to 1850 CE). Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 188. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
- ^ Sana, Rajkumar Somorjit (2010). The Chronology of Meetei Monarchs (From 1666 to 1850 CE). Imphal: Waikhom Ananda Meetei. p. 189. ISBN 978-81-8465-210-9.
- ^ "Manipuri Dance: Both Ritualistic and Recreational". Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Information – Snippets – narthaki.com". Archived from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2016.