The Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020 (S. 3744)[1] is a United States federal law that requires various United States government bodies to report on human rights abuses by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese government against Uyghurs in Xinjiang, China, including the Xinjiang internment camps.[2][3]
.svg) | |
| Long title | An act to condemn gross human rights violations of ethnic Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, and calling for an end to arbitrary detention, torture, and harassment of these communities inside and outside China. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Uyghur Act |
| Enacted by | the 116th United States Congress |
| Effective | June 17, 2020 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | Pub. L. 116–145 (text) (PDF) |
| Legislative history | |
| |
On September 11, 2019, a version of the bill—the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019[4]—was passed in the United States Senate by unanimous consent.[5][6][7] On December 3, 2019, a stronger version of the bill—the UIGHUR Act—was passed by the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 407–1.
On May 14, 2020, the Senate introduced and approved what would be the current 2020 bill.[3][6][8] On May 27, 2020, the House passed the amended bill by a vote of 413–1, sending it to then-President Donald Trump for approval.[9] The bill was signed by Trump into law on June 17, 2020.[10]
Background
editIn 2014 the Chinese government introduced the Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism in reaction to several terrorist attacks with responsibility claimed by Uyghur separatist groups and exile groups.[11] Beginning in 2017, under Xinjiang CCP Secretary Chen Quanguo,[12] the government incarcerated over an estimated one million Uyghurs without legal process in internment camps officially described as "vocational education and training centers".[13][14] China began to wind down the camps in 2019, and Amnesty International states that detainees have been increasingly transferred to the penal system. In addition to mass detention, government policies have included forced labor and factory work,[15][16] suppression of Uyghur religious practices,[17] political indoctrination,[18] forced sterilization,[19] forced contraception,[20][21] and forced abortion.[22][23]
Legislative history
edit
On September 11, 2019, a version of the bill—S. 178, the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019—passed in the US Senate by unanimous consent.[4][6][7]
On December 3, 2019, a stronger, amended version of the bill—the Uighur Intervention and Global Humanitarian Unified Response Act (or UIGHUR Act)—was passed by the US House of Representatives by a vote of 407 to 1.[3][24][6][25] The sole "no" vote was cast by Thomas Massie, Republican of Kentucky.[25]
On the afternoon of May 14, 2020, a new version of the bill—S. 3744, the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2020—passed in the US Senate by unanimous consent.[26] The US House of Representatives approved the bill by a vote of 413–1 on May 27, 2020.[9] The following month, on June 17, then-President Donald Trump signed the bill into law.[10][27][28][29]
Legislation content and results
editThe bill directs: (1) the Director of National Intelligence to report to Congress on security issues caused by the Chinese government's reported crackdown on Uyghurs in Xinjiang; (2) the Federal Bureau of Investigation to report on efforts to protect Uyghurs and Chinese nationals in the United States; (3) the US Agency for Global Media to report on Chinese media related issues in Xinjiang; and (4) the United States Department of State to report on the scope of the reported Chinese government crackdown on Uyghurs in Xinjiang.[2]
The President has to submit a report to Congress within 180 days. The report shall designate Chinese officials and any other individuals who are responsible for carrying out: torture; prolonged detention without charges and a trial; abduction; cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment of Muslim minority groups; and other flagrant denials of the "right to life, liberty, or the security" of people in Xinjiang. Persons identified in the report would then be subject to sanctions which include asset blocking, visa revocation, and ineligibility for entry into the United States. Imposing sanctions against the officials can be declined by the President if he determines and certifies to Congress that holding back on sanctions is in the national interest of the United States.[30][31]
The bill also calls on the President to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act on Xinjiang Communist Party Secretary Chen Quanguo, which would be the first time such sanctions would be imposed on a member of China's politburo.[32][33] On July 9, 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, including Quanguo, as well as Zhu Hailun, Wang Mingshan (王明山), and Huo Liujun (霍留军). With sanctions, they and their immediate relatives are barred from entering the US and will have US-based assets frozen.[34]
Reactions
editSupport
editOn the same day that then-President Trump signed the Act into law, former National Security Advisor John Bolton claimed that Trump had, on two occasions, told Chinese leader Xi Jinping to go forward with plans related to Uyghur internment.[30][35]
Editorials in The New York Times and The Washington Post supported the passage of the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act.[36][37] Opinion pieces written in various publications also supported the passage of the Act.[38]
The CCP claim of deradicalization drew criticism in an article by the Deccan Chronicle,[39] while an article written by Srikanth Kondapalli made criticisms of the PRC's grand strategy for Xinjiang.[40] Analysts cited in an article by Reuters said that mainland China's response to passage of the Uyghur bill could be stronger than its reaction to the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act,[32] while the BBC's China correspondent said that if the bill became law, then it would mark the most significant international attempt to pressure mainland China over its mass detention of the Uyghurs.[41]
Uyghur community
editOn December 3, 2019, a World Uyghur Congress spokesman said that the House bill is important in opposing "China's continued push of extreme persecution," and that the organization looks forward to Trump signing the bill.[32][41] Various Uyghur activists, think tank analysts, and political representatives called on various governments to sanction mainland Chinese officials for their perceived involvement in the Xinjiang conflict.[42][43][44]
Opposition
editThe Chinese government have called the bill a malicious attack on China and demanded that the United States prevent it from becoming law, warning that it would act to defend its interests as necessary.[32] On December 4, 2019, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying said that the bill "wantonly smeared China's counter-terrorism and de-radicalization efforts."[3] Four days later, Ëziz Eli (艾则孜·艾力)—County Magistrate of Niya County and Vice Secretary of the Niya County County Communist Party Committee—and Perhat Roza (帕尔哈提·肉孜)—Vice Secretary and Commissioner of the Kashgar Prefecture Communist Party Committee—penned criticisms of the Act.[45][46]
In December 2019, the Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates defended China's actions in Xinjiang and condemned the bill as a "blatant interference by the US in the internal affairs of the People's Republic of China."[47]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ S. 3744; Pub. L. 116–145 (text) (PDF)
- ^ a b "H.R.649 - Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019". United States Congress. March 4, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Westcott, Ben; Byrd, Haley (December 3, 2019). "US House passes Uyghur Act calling for tough sanctions on Beijing over Xinjiang camps". CNN. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ a b S.178 - Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019, 116th Congress (2019-2020) Archived December 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Congress.gov.
- ^ "Actions Overview S.178 — 116th Congress (2019-2020)". United States Congress. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Uyghur bill demanding sanctions on Chinese officials passes US House of Representatives". ABC News. December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ a b Lipes, Joshua (September 12, 2019). "US Senate Passes Legislation to Hold China Accountable for Rights Abuses in Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on September 21, 2019. Retrieved October 5, 2019.
- ^ Byrd, Haley (May 14, 2020). "Senate approves Uyghur human rights bill". CNN. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Edmondson, Catie (May 27, 2020). "House Passes Uighur Human Rights Bill, Prodding Trump to Punish China". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ a b Lipes, Joshua (June 17, 2020). "Trump Signs Uyghur Rights Act Into Law, Authorizing Sanctions For Abuses in Xinjiang". Radio Free Asia. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ ""Break Their Lineage, Break Their Roots"". Human Rights Watch. April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
- ^ Khatchadourian, Raffi (April 5, 2021). "Surviving the Crackdown in Xinjiang". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Finley, Joanne (2020). "Why Scholars and Activists Increasingly Fear a Uyghur Genocide in Xinjiang". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (3). Newcastle University: 348–370. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1848109. ISSN 1462-3528. S2CID 236962241.
- ^ Kirby, Jen (September 25, 2020). "Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
It is the largest mass internment of an ethnic-religious minority group since World War II.
- ^ Turdush, Rukiye; Fiskesjö, Magnus (May 28, 2021). "Dossier: Uyghur Women in China's Genocide". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 15 (1): 22–43. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.15.1.1834.
- ^ Sudworth, John (December 2020). "China's 'tainted' cotton". BBC News. Archived from the original on March 24, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
- ^ Congressional Research Service (June 18, 2019). "Uyghurs in China" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
- ^ "Muslim minority in China's Xinjiang face 'political indoctrination': Human Rights Watch". Reuters. September 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization". Associated Press. June 28, 2020. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
- ^ "China Forces Birth Control on Uighurs to Suppress Population". Voice of America. Associated Press. June 29, 2020. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ Samuel, Sigal (March 10, 2021). "China's genocide against the Uyghurs, in 4 disturbing charts". Vox. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
- ^ "China: Uighur women reportedly sterilized in attempt to suppress population". Deutsche Welle. July 1, 2020. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.
- ^ "China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs". BBC News. June 29, 2020. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ^ "Anger in China as US House passes Uighur crackdown bill". Al Jazeera. December 3, 2019. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ a b Roll Call Vote No. 644 Archived December 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Clerk of the United States House of Representative (December 2, 2019).
- ^ Haley Byrd (May 14, 2020). "Senate approves Uyghur human rights bill". CNN. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
- ^ Shih, Gerry. "Trump signs Uighur sanctions bill amid Bolton criticism, drawing fury from China". Washington Post.
- ^ "Trump Signs Bill Pressuring China Over Uighur Muslim Crackdown". June 17, 2020 – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (June 18, 2020). "Trump signs bill pressuring China over Uighur Muslim crackdown". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ a b Kevin Liptak (June 17, 2020). "Trump signs Uyghur human rights bill on same day Bolton alleges he told Xi to proceed with detention camps". CNN. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ^ "Trump signed a law to punish China for its oppression of the Uighur Muslims. Uighurs say much more needs to be done". Business Insider. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Lee, Se Young; Brunnstrom, David (December 3, 2019). "Trump comments, Uighur bill hurt prospects of U.S.-China deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Flatley, Daniel (December 4, 2019). "U.S. House Passes Xinjiang Bill, Prompting Threat From China". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "US sanctions Chinese officials over Xinjiang 'violations'". BBC News. July 9, 2020.
- ^ Philip Ewing (June 17, 2020). "Trump Told China To 'Go Ahead' With Prison Camps, Bolton Alleges In New Book". National Public Radio. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
- ^ "China's Brutal 'Boarding Schools'". NYT. NYT. March 17, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "What Congress can do now to combat China's mass ethnic cleansing of Uighurs". Washington Post. Washington Post. May 23, 2019. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
Meanwhile, bipartisan legislation aimed at holding the Chinese accountable, sponsored by Sens. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.) and Marco Rubio (R-Fla.), has cleared the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and is in committee in the House. Hopefully it will pass both chambers soon.
- ^ Sources include:
- Lake, Eli (July 16, 2019). "China's Campaign Against the Uighurs Demands a Response". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on September 13, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "Congress must take action on Chinese human rights abuses". The Hill. The Hill. September 27, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- Bosco, Joseph (December 11, 2019). "Congress should finish what it started and help the Uighurs". The Hill. The Hill. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "China Is Operating Mass Detention Centers in Xinjiang. How Should the U.S. Respond?". Lawfare. Lawfare. December 13, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
But what can the U.S. do? The U.S. will struggle to hold Chinese Communist Party officials accountable through international institutions...domestic options are more promising. Congress is poised to pass the Uighur Intervention and Global Humanitarian Unified Response (UIGHUR) Act of 2019, which calls upon the President to sanction Chinese officials, prohibits selling certain goods to China that it could use to suppress human rights, and mandates that the State Department report to Congress on conditions in Xinjiang.
- VIGNARAJAH, KRISH O'MARA (May 10, 2019). "Uyghurs are being persecuted in China — US must protect them". The Hill. The Hill. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- Kanat, Omer (November 23, 2019). "NYT Exposé Should Be the Tipping Point on China's Abuse of Uyghurs". The Diplomat. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
In Congress, the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act (S.178 and H.R.649) has been teetering for almost one year. It is time to pass the measure. Other countries should follow this model of accountability and not China's turn toward totalitarianism.
- "Sigal Samuel answers 8 key questions about the Chinese crackdown on Uighur Muslims". Vox. Vox. April 30, 2019. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
Here in the US, folks can call or write to their representatives to let them know this is a humanitarian crisis they care about and want to see political action on. They can show support for the Xinjiang Uyghur Human Rights Act, a bipartisan bill that recommends considering several responses to China's crackdown, including imposing sanctions on Chinese officials involved in the camps.
- "China Is Violating Uighurs' Human Rights. The United States Must Act". Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy. November 28, 2018. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "Congress Aims to Address China's Atrocities against Religious Minorities". National Review. NR. July 12, 2019. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "'De-radicalising' Uighur Muslims: Is the Chinese action justified?". Deccan Chronicle. Dawn. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
Calling the US action a political move aimed at damaging its international image, China says it is running a deradicalisation programme to mainstream its communities. The Chinese claim has not been verified by independent sources and mystery shrouds its deradicalisation or re-education programme. China needs to demonstrate to the international community that it has inserted human rights safeguards in its deradicalisation measures ... It is interesting that at a time when exclusionism, supremacism, and hyper-nationalism tendencies are globally on the rise, China has decided to launch its own version of 'harmonising' society. This thinking might appear to negate the global trends but in essence, its objectives are similar, and it has little space for accepting diversity.
- ^ Kondapalli, Srikanth (December 8, 2019). "'No Mercy' for the Uighurs". Deccan Herald. Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ a b "China sanctions: US House passes bill over treatment of Uighurs". BBC. BBC. December 4, 2019. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ Sources include
- Clarke, Michael (July 24, 2018). "Patriotic songs and self-criticism: why China is 're-educating' Muslims in mass detention camps". ABC AU. ABC AU. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
To begin with, Australia should simply call out Beijing's actions in Xinjiang for what they are — systematic violations of the human rights of the Uighur people — much as US Congressional leaders and some members of the European Union have done.
- Yar, Irfan (March 22, 2019). "CANADA SHOULD USE THE MAGNITSKY ACT TO TARGET CHINA'S HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATORS: IRFAN YAR IN THE EPOCH TIMES". MLI. MLI. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
In the face of such an unrelenting repressive campaign, the government should consider applying such targeted sanctions against Chinese officials involved in the detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. U.S. lawmakers are currently exploring the possibility of applying such measures in the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act.
- "The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide". Der Spiegel. Der Spiegel. November 28, 2019. Archived from the original on January 21, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
DER SPIEGEL: A group of Senators and Representatives is pushing for the White House to slap entry bans on those responsible for the Xinjiang policy and to freeze their assets in the U.S., if they have any. Do you believe Germany and Europe should do the same? [Adrian] Zenz: Yes, I do. Not because of the financial or economic consequences of such measures, but because of the political message it would send: What is happening to the Uighurs is a crime against humanity. China's government would, of course, react strongly to such measures, just as they have struck back against the results of my research. But they would understand the message. For as long as our efforts to defend our values cost us nothing, they mean nothing to China's government. China is a culture in which talk is cheap.
- "Chinese ambassador warns Canada against adopting motion calling for sanctions". Canadian Press. CBC. Archived from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "Why is Germany silent on China's human rights abuses?". DW. DW. December 5, 2019. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "Uighur: Australia needs to end "business as usual" with China". Lowy Institute. The Interpreter. December 5, 2018. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- "China's inexcusable internment of Uighur Muslims". IANS. The Siasat Daily. December 15, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- Clarke, Michael (July 24, 2018). "Patriotic songs and self-criticism: why China is 're-educating' Muslims in mass detention camps". ABC AU. ABC AU. Archived from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "The U.S. Must Use the New Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act to Sanction Chinese Officials for Religious Persecution". Time. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Nury Turkel; James W. Carr (August 26, 2020). "Was Your Face Mask Made Using Forced Labor in China?". The Diplomat. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
- ^ 艾则孜·艾力 (December 8, 2019). 李梦婷 (ed.). 坚决不允许美国蓄意诋毁和抹黑新疆的人权状况 (in Simplified Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
- ^ 帕尔哈提·肉孜 (December 8, 2019). 新疆维吾尔人权状况不容诋毁. 英吉沙县人民政府门户网站 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ "Syria defends China's Uyghur policy after US condemnation". Middle East Monitor. December 6, 2019. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2019.