Witotoan (also Huitotoan or Uitotoan, occasionally known as Huitoto–Ocaina to distinguish it from Bora–Witoto) is a small language family of southeastern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and the neighbouring region of Peru.
| Witotoan | |
|---|---|
| Huitotoan | |
| Geographic distribution | northwestern Amazon |
| Linguistic classification | independent family or Bora–Witoto
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | huit1251 |
Genetic relations
editAschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a Bora–Witoto stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Language contact
editJolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Pijao, Yaruro, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, and Tukano language families due to contact. Some of this contact had occurred due to the expansion of Witotoan speakers down the Putumayo River.[1]
Family division
edit- Witotoan
- Ocaina (also rendered Okaina)
- Witoto Proper
- Nïpode (also known as Nüpode, Nipode Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Witoto Muinane, Muinane Huitoto, Muiname)
- Mïnïca–Murai
- Nonuya (also known as Nyonuhu, Nonuña, Achote, Achiote) Loreto, Peru
The classification above is based on Campbell (1997), who follows Richard Aschmann's 1993 classification and reconstruction of proto-Witotoan.
Nonuya is nearly extinct, but attempts are being made at revival.
The following extinct languages are unclassified within Witotoan:
- Andoquero (also known as Andokero, Miranya-Karapana-Tapuyo, Miraña, Carapana) Amazonas, Colombia (†)
- Coeruna (also known as Koeruna) Amazonas, Brazil (†)
- Koihoma (also known as Coto, Koto, Orejón, Coixoma) Loreto, Peru (†)
- Hairúya (†)[2]
Kaufman (2007) adds Andoque.
Synonymy note:
- The name Muiname has been used to refer to the Muinane language (Bora Muinane) of the Boran family and also to the Nipode language (Witoto Muinane) of the Huitotoan family.
- The names Koto, Coto, and Orejón have been used to refer to the Koihoma language (Coixoma) and also to the unrelated Orejón language (also known as Koto or Coto) of the Tucanoan language family.
Mason (1950)
editInternal classification of the Witotoan languages by Mason (1950):[3]
- Witotoan
- Witoto
- Kaime (Caimo)
- Xúra
- Séueni
- Jayruya
- Mekka: Yaboyano
- Menekka
- Búe
- Ifikuene-Caimito (?)
- Miranyan, Boran
- Miranya-Carapana-Tapuyo
- Nonuya (Achiote)
- Ocaina-Muenane
- Ocaina (Ducaiya); Fitita (?)
- Muenane
- Southeastern
- Orejón
- Coeruna (?)
- Andoke (?)
- North: Araracuara
- South
- Resigero (?)
- Witoto
Vocabulary
editLoukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Witotoan language varieties.[4]
| gloss | Northern Uitoto |
Central Uitoto |
Southern Uitoto |
Caimito | Hairúya | Orejone/Koihoma | Ocaina | Nonuya | Andoquero | Coeruna | Nüpode Huitoto / Nɨpóde |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | dane | daxe | dákede | dáhe | tiamaːma | daːʔamü | tsätsaːma | ||||
| two | mena | nemaxe | ménade | ménahe | mamatiáma | mũynahāmă / harāma | inaːma | ||||
| three | daxéámani | maní | daheámani | dáheámani | taüuefuóro | tsahiːnwá | |||||
| head | i-fogo | i-foke | ö-foge | ex-fóge | huha | opórin | o-phühõehe | gö-hókö | ko-pia | ||
| eye | uizi | uise | óise | uise | oi | oxuöd | o-wtsʔá | ge-usö | koya-asá | ||
| tooth | i-sido | i-sidoʔo | i-sído | ix-síde | a-tídyo | atítyo | o-tihido | ge-sühi | ku-irí | ítie | |
| man | nokae | ima | öima | komuinä | yiza | komä | oːe | thimáe | üaimé | ||
| water | hainoy | xinuy | hainoé | hánenoi | änoe | ñióxi | nohowi | nóhwi | nüho | ||
| fire | boʔodöno | raike | raike | réke | räkö | táro | thítseho | äitha | |||
| maize | becha | pechato | pedzyato | pechato | kobé | kobéto | |||||
| jaguar | kiko | xiko | hökö | hirásitä | hituidé | hüko | hoʔoko | ökó | öighó | ||
| house | xofoe | fofo | hofo | hofo | hofo | huaho | póho | woːhoː | hó | náisa | hopo |
References
edit- ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. Lingua Posnaniensis I: 53-82.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Bibliography
edit- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
edit
- Proel: