The Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area covering 29,914 square miles (77,477 km2; 19,144,960 acres) located along the Upper Mississippi River and its tributaries in northwest Illinois, northeast Iowa, southeast Minnesota and southwest Wisconsin. Certified by the United States Department of the Treasury's Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau on July 22, 2009, it is the largest AVA in the United States.[1][3] The AVA encompasses an area 50 times larger than the Bordeaux wine regions of France.[4][5]
| Wine region | |
 The Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA in NW Illinois, NE Iowa, SE Minnesota and SW Wisconsin. | |
| Type | American Viticultural Area |
|---|---|
| Year established | 2009[1] |
| Country | United States |
| Part of | Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin |
| Sub-regions | Lake Wisconsin AVA[1] |
| Climate region | Continental |
| Soil conditions | Limestone underneath silt loam and clay[2] |
| Total area | 29,914 square miles (19,144,960 acres)[2] |
| Grapes produced | Marechal Foch, Frontenac, Saint Croix, Chardonel, Edelweiss[2] |
History
editGrapes have been grown in Upper Mississippi River region since the earliest of times. The Vitis riparia is a grape native to the southern half of Minnesota and Wisconsin, where it flourishes along the many riverbanks of the Mississippi and its tributaries. The native Sioux and Ojibwa ate the fresh berries and used the dry fruit in pemmican. They apparently did not, however, ferment the grapes into wine. The early settlers called it the frost grape, as it was best when picked after the first hard frost.
With the influx of settlers in the 1840s and '50s, grape growing was tried along with all other horticultural pursuits. Varieties developed on the eastern seaboard such as the Concord were somewhat successful. The fruit was commercially used for fresh fruits or preserves. No wine was made except for personal use. However, these eastern varieties were not quite hardy enough and the coldest of winters, together with the growth of the California fresh fruit industry, eventually did the industry in. By the 1930s grape growing was limited to backyard vineyards for family use only.[6]
The first winery in this region, Alexis Bailly Vineyard and Winery, was opened in 1973 near Hastings, Minnesota. At the time it was believed that this part of the Upper Mississippi Valley endured winters that were too cold to sustain viticulture.[7]
Climate and geography
editThe climate of the Upper Mississippi Valley is continental and cool. The rolling hills and sloping landscape of the region permits maximum sun exposure which facilitates grape growth. Vineyards are planted in soils composed of mainly clay and silt loam on top of bedrock of limestone.[2] The hardiness zone varies within the large north-to-south range from 5a to 6a.
The boundaries of the AVA share the unique geographical connection of all being part of the Paleozoic Plateau, also known as the Driftless Area, and therefore do not have the same type of vineyard soils as wine regions that were in areas that experienced glaciation during the last ice age.[7]
Viticulture
edit
In the Upper Mississippi Valley River AVA, viticultural techniques must be adapted to deal with the cold winters. After harvest, many wineries will take the grapevines down from their trellises. The vines are then pruned and buried under mulch. In the spring, just prior to budding, the vines are then guided back into the trellises to begin the next growing cycle However, with new hybrid varietals developed by the University of Minnesota, these newer vines may stay on the trellises during the cold winters and pruned in February and March.[7]
Grape varieties
editThe Upper Mississippi River Valley grows mainly hybrid grape varieties like Chardonel, Edelweiss, La Crosse, Marechal Foch, Frontenac, Marquette, and Saint Croix.[8] Research at the University of Minnesota, influenced by the work of horticulturalist Elmer Swenson, have been developing new hybrid grapes that could better withstand the cold winter and ripen earlier.[7]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c "§9.216 Upper Mississippi River Valley" (Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas). Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR). June 22, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Upper Mississippi River Valley (AVA): Appellation Profile". Appellation America. 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2016.
- ^ "Establishment of the Upper Mississippi River Valley Viticultural Area (2007R-055P)" (E9-14574). Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau. June 22, 2009. pp. 29395–29401. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Minnesota Grape Growers Association". MGGA.org.
- ^ Cattell, Hudson (July 9, 2009). "TTB Approves Largest AVA: Upper Mississippi River Valley Appellation Includes Sections of Four States". Wines Vines Analytics. Wines & Vines. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
- ^ Bailly, David (1987). "Vineyards and Wineries in Minnesota" (PDF). www.abvwines.com. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Eyden, Pamela. "Making New Wine in an Old River Valley". Big River Magazine. September–October 2005: Open River Press.
{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ "Upper Mississippi River Valley American Viticulture Area". Upper Mississippi River Valley Association. 2010. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011.
External links
edit- Appellations of Origin Archived September 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from the TTB website
- AVAs with links to detailed descriptions, from the Code of Federal Regulations located at a Cornell website
- Interactive Google AVA map from American Winery Guide
- Upper Mississippi River Valley American Viticulture Area website
- The Great River Road Wine Trail website