In Russian historiography the term Upper Oka Principalities (Russian: Верховские княжества, romanized: Verkhovskie knyazhestva, lit. 'Upper Principalities') traditionally applies to about a dozen tiny and ephemeral polities situated along the upper course of the Oka River at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries.[citation needed] They were reigned by the "upper princes", each of which descended from Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov (Grand Prince of Kiev c. 1236–1243).[1] Nowadays, the areas concerned lie within the bounds of the Tula Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast and Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation.[citation needed]
Following the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' of 1223–1240, the formerly prominent Olgovichi clan of the Principality of Chernigov gradually declined to a point where the descendants of Mikhail of Chernigov (died 1246) ruled dozens of quasi-sovereign entities.[citation needed] As the principalities were wedged in between the ever-expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the west and the nascent Principality of Moscow to the north, their rulers were constricted to continually fluctuate between these two major powers as buffer states.[1]
By the end of the 14th century, they were obliged to pay annual tribute to Lithuania.[citation needed] The strengthening alliance of Lithuanian rulers with Roman Catholic Poland caused shifts in the balance of power in the region. Most Orthodox rulers of the Upper Oka Principalities, therefore, started to look to Moscow for protection against Lithuanian expansionism.[citation needed] Others sought Lithuanian protection against Muscovite aggression, such as Prince Ivan of Mozhaysk who in 1454 fled to Lithuania to escape from Vasily II of Moscow.[2] Towards the end of the 15th century, most of these princelings had moved to the Muscovite court. In 1494 Lithuania finally renounced her claims to the region.[citation needed]
List of principalities (in order of seniority)
edit- Odoyev (Principality of Odoyev) and Novosil[1] - the seats of the Odoyevsky princes,[1] retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina of 1565-1572
- Belyov (or Belev;[3] Principality of Belyov) - the seat of the Belyovsky princes[1] (1468-1588)
- Vorotynsk - the seat of the Vorotynsky princes,[1] retained by them as an appanage until the Oprichnina
- Mosalsk - the seat of the Mosalsky princes[1]
- Zvenigorod on the Oka - the seat of the Zvenigorodsky princes[1] and the Nozdrevaty princes[citation needed]
- Karachev - the seat of the Khotetovsky princes
- Kozelsk and Peremyshl - the seats of Princes Gorchakov
- Tarusa (Principality of Tarusa or Torusa)[1] and Meshchevsk (now Meshchovsk) - the seats of Princes Mezetsky with their cadet branches of Teterin, Shcherbatov
- Boryatino - the seat of Princes Boryatinsky
- Obolensk - the seat of the Obolensky princes[1] with their cadet branches of Repnin, Lykov, Dolgorukov, Shcherbatov, etc.
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Early principalities on the Upper Oka c. 1300Principality of Novosil'Principality of Karachev -
Upper Oka Principalities c. 1350 -
Upper Oka Principalities in 1389Principality of KozelskPrincipality of Masalsk -
Upper Oka Principalities c. 1400 -
Upper Oka Principalities in 1434Vassals of the Golden Horde -
Upper Oka Principalities in 1462
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References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rusyna 2003, p. 494.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 340–341.
- ^ Martin 2007, p. 268.
Bibliography
edit- Bazilewicz K.V. Foreign Affairs of the Russian Centralized State. Moscow, 1952.
- Lubawski M.K. Regional Division and Local Administration in the Lithuanian-Russian State. Moscow, 1892.
- Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
- Rusyna, Olena Volodymyrivna (2003). "Верховські князі" [Upper princes]. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Volume 1 (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine. p. 494. ISBN 966-00-0734-5. Retrieved 20 February 2024.