Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (1978) is a United States environmental law that amended the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and authorized the Environmental Protection Agency to establish health and environmental standards for the stabilization, restoration, and disposal of uranium mill waste. Title 1 of the Act required the EPA to set environmental protection standards consistent with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, including groundwater protection limits; the Department of Energy to implement EPA standards and provide perpetual care for some sites; and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to review cleanups and license sites to states or the DOE for perpetual care.[1] Title 1 established a uranium mill remedial action program jointly funded by the federal government and the state.[2] Title 1 of the Act also designated 22 inactive uranium mill sites for remediation, resulting in the containment of 40 million cubic yards of low-level radioactive material in UMTRCA Title 1 holding cells.[3]
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| Long title | An Act to authorize the Secretary of Energy to enter into cooperative agreements with certain States respecting residual radioactive material at existing sites, to provide for the regulation of uranium mill tailings under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, and for other purposes. |
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| Acronyms (colloquial) | UMTRCA |
| Nicknames | Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 |
| Enacted by | the 95th United States Congress |
| Effective | November 8, 1978 |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 95-604 |
| Statutes at Large | 92 Stat. 3021 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare |
| U.S.C. sections created | 42 U.S.C. ch. 88 § 7901 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
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| Major amendments | |
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Limitations
editThe act was written in the "hectic final days" of the 95th U.S. Congress and contained multiple errors that made it "a nightmare of statutory construction," and required remedial legislation to fix.[4] The act perpetuated the "Agreement State" program, established in 1959, in which the Atomic Energy Commission gave regulatory authority of certain nuclear materials to states.[5] It was unclear how much regulatory power Agreement states had, and as a result these states took little regulatory action. Sites that were owned by the federal government, the NRC, or Agreement states were ineligible for remedial action under the UMTRCA, as they were instead the responsibility of the government agencies or states who owned them.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Laws We Use (Summaries):1978 - Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act(42 USC 2022 et seq.), EPA, retrieved December 16, 2012
- ^ Fact Sheet on Uranium Mill Tailings, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, retrieved December 16, 2012
- ^ Regulatory Framework: UMTRCA Title I Disposal and Processing Sites, U.S. Department of Energy, retrieved December 16, 2012
- ^ Grammer, Elisa J. (1981), "The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 and NRC's Agreement State Program", Natural Resources Lawyer, 13 (3): 469–522 [478], JSTOR 40922651
- ^ Grammer 1981, pp. 478, 481.
- ^ Grammer 1981, p. 481.
External links
edit- "The Uranium Mill Tailings Cleanup: Federal Leadership at Last?" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 20, 1978. OCLC 4051679.
- "Cleaning Up Commingled Uranium Mill Tailings: Is Federal Assistance Necessary?" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 5, 1979. OCLC 4721432.
- "Uranium Mill Tailings: Cleanup Continues, but Future Costs Are Uncertain" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. December 15, 1995. OCLC 33979475.
- "Uranium Mill Tailings: Status and Future Costs of Cleanup" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 28, 1996. OCLC 34483718.
- "DOE Cleanup: Status and Future Costs of Uranium Mill Tailings Program" (PDF). U.S. GAO ~ Office of Public Affairs. U.S. Government Accountability Office. May 1, 1996. OCLC 35563817.