Salihiyya (Somali: Saalixiya; Urwayniya, Arabic: الصالحية) is a Tariqa (order) of Sufi Islam prevalent in Somalia and the adjacent Somali region of Ethiopia. It was founded in the Sudan by Sayyid Muhammad Salih (1854-1919). The order is characterized by fundementalism.
History
editThe order ultimately traces its origins back to the Sufi scholar of Moroccan origin Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi (1760-1837). His followers and students spread al-Fasi's teachings across the globe. His nephew, Sayyid Muhammad Salih, was one of them; he spread the Idrisiyya to the Sudan and Somalia, establishing his own eponymous path, the Salihiyya.[1] A former slave, Muhammad Gulid (d. 1918), was instrumental in popularizing the Salihiyya in the Jowhar region of Somalia, while Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni spread it in the Middle Juba region. [2]
The Salihiyya path which rejects seeking intercession from Saints in one's invocation of God, which it labels as Shirk[3] and is staunchly opposed to the Qadiriyya order (which is the largest and longest-established in Somalia), taking issue with the Qadiri doctrine of Tawassul (intercession), while the Qadiriyya upheld the traditional Sufi belief in the power of intercession held by Saints.[3] The Salihiyya was also militantly anti-colonial.[4] Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Salihiyya shaykh and poet, spread the Salihiyya (particularly in Ogaden) and led an armed anticolonial resistance movement in the Horn of Africa under the auspices of the order.[5]
See also
edit
Bibliography
edit- Scott Steven Reese: Urban Woes and Pious Remedies: Sufism in Nineteenth-Century Benaadir (Somalia). Africa Today, Vol. 46, No. 3–4, 1999, pp. 169–192.
References
edit- ^ B.W. Andrzejewski; I.M. Lewis (1994). "New Arabic Documents from Somalia". Sudanic Africa. 5. Brill: 39–56. JSTOR 25653242.
- ^ J. Spencer Trimingham (1998). The Sufi Orders in Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780198028239.
- ^ a b I. M. Lewis (1998). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 37-38. ISBN 9781569021033.
- ^ Nehemia Levtzion; Randall Pouwels (2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 235. ISBN 9780821444610.
- ^ B. G. Martin (2003). Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780521534512.