Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions are two separated inscriptions, Phoenician and Greek, engraved on the same marble base which was found in Gdhi[1] or Gai[2] locality near Dromolaxia.[2][3] About 3 hundred years after the first inscription, the Phoenician, was engraved, the base was turned upside down and the second inscription, in Greek, was engraved;[1][3] the inscriptions have no connection and are not a bilingual inscription.[4] Eventually, it was used as a press.[5] It is now exhibited in Larnaca District Archaeological Museum.[3][6]
Pumayyaton inscription
edit
The inscription mentioning Pumayyaton, king of Kition and Idalion, dedicates a statue in the 34th year of the king's reign:[4][6][7]
[בימם X]𐤋𐤉𐤓𐤇 𐤐𐤏𐤋𐤕 𐤁𐤔𐤍𐤕 𐤘𐤗𐤛𐤖 𐤋𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤐𐤌𐤉𐤉𐤕𐤍 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤊𐤕𐤉 𐤅𐤀𐤃[𐤉𐤋] [bymm X]lyrḥ pʿlt bšnt 20+10+3+1 lmlk pmyytn mlk kty wʾd[yl][In day X] of the month P'LT in the 34th year of King Pumayyaton, king of Kition and Ida[lion] |
[𐤁𐤍 𐤌𐤋]𐤊 𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤉𐤕𐤍 𐤌𐤋𐤊 𐤊𐤕𐤉 𐤅𐤀𐤃𐤉𐤋 𐤎𐤌𐤋 𐤀𐤆 𐤀𐤔 𐤉𐤕𐤍 𐤅𐤉𐤈𐤍𐤀[...] [bn ml]k mlkytn mlk kty wʾdyl sml ʾz ʾš ytn wyṭnʾ[...][son of kin]g Milkyaton, king of Kition and Idalion, this image which gave and erected[...] |
The 34th year of Pumayyaton's reign, based on evidence concerning his rule over Tamassos, is c. 328 BC.[4][6][8][9]
In the classical period, Phoenician dedications of statues were engraved on marble bases, but the statues themselves are now lost; only traces on the upper part of the bases can indicate weather the statue was made of marble or of bronze.[5] The statue dedicated in this Phoenician inscription was a bronze statue, fixed to the base with three deep mortises.[5]
Pnytarion inscrition
edit
After the base was turned upside down, a Greek inscription was engraved on it, from the end of the first century BC:[10][2][1][3][11]
| [Ἡ]ΠΟΛΙΣΚΑΙΔΗΜΟΣΠΝΥΤΑΡΙΟΝΙΠΠΑΧ[ου] [Hē] polis kai ho demos Pnytarion Hipparkh[ou] The city and the people (consacrated) Pnytarion, daghter of Hipparch[os] |
| ΤΗΝΓΥΝΑΙΚΑΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΟΔΩΡΟΥ ΤΟΥ tēn gynaika Asklēpidōrou (gap) tou wife of Asclepidoros, son of |
| ΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΟΔΩΡΟΥΤΟΥΣΙΛΛΙΔΟΣΤΩΝ Asklēpidōrou tou Sillidos tōn Asclepidoros, himself son of Sillis, who |
| ΓΕΓΥΜΝΑΣΙΑΡΧΗΚΟΤΩΝΚΑΙΗΓΟΡΑΝΟΜ[η] gegymnasiarkhēkotōn kai ēgoranom[ē-] fullfilled the functions of gymnasiarch and agoranom[os] |
| ΚΟ[τ]ΩΝΤΟΥΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΥΚΤΙΣΤΟΥ ΤΟΥΙΕΡΟΥ -ko[t]ōn, tou deuterou ktistou (gap) tou hierou the second founder of the sanctuary |
| [κ]ΑΙΑΡΧΙΕΡΕΩΣΑΣΚΛΗΠΙΟΥΚΑΙΥΓΙΕΙΑ[ς] [k]ai arkhiereōs Asklēpiou kai Hygieia[s] [a]nd the high-priest of Asklepius and Hygieia. |
The dedication is made for a woman of an "old Cypriot family" allied to Hellenized Semites. Names formed with the component Πνυτ- (from πνυτός "advised") are common in Cyprus, both in syllabic and alphabetical inscriptions, but very rare outside Cyprus. The name of the grandfather, Sillis, is Semitic, and his son and grandson's name, Asclepiodoros, is Greek and correspond with their function as priests of Asclepius, translated to Semitic as Eshmun. The members of the family who held religious power also functioned as held the function of a gymnasiarch, linked to military power, and an agoranomos, attested twice in Kition and well-known from Salamis, which perhaps took over the Phoenician function of rb srsrm (chief of commercial agents) known from KAI 34 (one of the Kition necropolis inscriptions).[12]
Sanctuaries for Eshmun and Asclepius?
editThe Greek inscription might indicate a preceding Phoenician temple to Eshmun in the provenance of the marble base. It can be seggested that the Phoenician inscription dedicated a statue to Eshmun in his temple in the Larnaca salt lake area (where stne veses mentioning Eshmun and dating to 4th century BC were found); although there is no evidence for identification between Eshmun and Asclepius in the classical period, it is likely that the same area served twice as the sanctuary for a medicine god. The Greek inscription affirms that the sanctuary of Asclepius (and Hygieia) was founded by Pnytarion's husband, so it is reasonable to assume that a Phoenician sanctuary for Eshmun was destroyed or fell into disuse, and refounded as a sanctuary dedicated to Asclepius and Hygieia.[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Megaw, A. H. S. (1954). "Archaeology in Cyprus, 1954". Archaeological Reports. 1: 31. doi:10.2307/581167. ISSN 0570-6084. JSTOR 581167.
- ^ a b c Mitford, T. B. (1961). "Further Contributions to the Epigraphy of Cyprus". American Journal of Archaeology. 65 (2): 113–114. doi:10.2307/502666. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 502666.
- ^ a b c d "Archaeological Museum of Larnaca District". Larnaca Virtual Museums.
- ^ a b c Yon, Marguerite (2004). Kition dans les textes. Kition-Bamboula V. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. p. 177.
- ^ a b c Yon, Marguerite (2004). Kition dans les textes. Kition-Bamboula V. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. p. 164.
- ^ a b c Honeyman, A. M. (1960). "Inscriptions from Cyprus". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3/4): 111–112. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25202364.
- ^ Naveh, Joseph (1966). "כתובות פניקיות ופוניות (1964–1960)". לשוננו (Lĕšonénu) (in Hebrew). 30 (3): 233. ISSN 0334-3626. JSTOR 24365333.
- ^ Hill, George Francis (1964). Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Cyprus. pp. xxxiii–xxxiv.
- ^ Slouschz, Nahoum (1942). Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions (in Hebrew). Dvir. p. 70.
- ^ Yon, Marguerite (2004). Kition dans les textes. Kition-Bamboula V. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. pp. 256–257.
- ^ Robert, Jeanne; Robert, Louis (1956). "Bulletin Épigraphique". Revue des Études Grecques. 69 (324/325): 185. doi:10.3406/reg.1956.3429. ISSN 0035-2039. JSTOR 44274296.
- ^ a b Yon, Marguerite (2004). Kition dans les textes. Kition-Bamboula V. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. p. 257.