List of important publications in philosophy

This is a list of important publications in philosophy, organized by field. The publications on this list are regarded as important because they have served or are serving as one or more of the following roles:

Foundation – A publication whose ideas would go on to be the foundation of a topic or field within philosophy.
Breakthrough – A publication that changed or added to philosophical knowledge significantly.
Influence – A publication that has had a significant impact on the academic study of philosophy or the world.

Historical texts

European and Islamic philosophy

Ancient philosophy

Heraclitus (c. early 5th century), Fragments
Parmenides (c. early 5th century), On Nature^[1]
Plato (early period, c. 399 – c. 387 BC^[2]), Apology
Plato (early period), Crito
Plato (early period), Euthyphro
Plato (early period), Gorgias
Plato (early period), Protagoras
Plato (early transitional period, c. 387 – c. 380 BC), Cratylus
Plato (early transitional period), Meno
Plato (middle period, c. 380 – c. 360 BC), Phaedo
Plato (middle period), Symposium
Plato (late transitional period, c. 360 – c. 355 BC), Parmenides
Plato (late transitional period), Theaetetus
Plato (late transitional period), Phaedrus
Plato (late period, c. 355 – c. 347 BC), Laws
Plato (late period), Timaeus
Plato (Bk. 1, early period. Bks. 2–10, late period), The Republic
Aristotle (fl. 384 – 322 BC), Organon
Aristotle, Physics
Aristotle, Metaphysics
Aristotle, On the Soul
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle, Politics
Aristotle, Rhetoric
Aristotle, Poetics
Epicurus, (341 – 270 BC), On Nature
Lucretius (fl. 99 – 55 BC), On the Nature of Things
Cicero, (106 – 43 BC), On the Commonwealth
Cicero, On the Laws
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4BC – 65AD), Letters from a Stoic
Marcus Aurelius (161 – 180 AD), Meditations
Epictetus (108 AD), Discourses
Epictetus (125 AD), Enchiridion
Sextus Empiricus (c. 160 – 210 AD), Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Plotinus (270 AD), Enneads
Porphyry (c. 234 – 305 AD), Isagoge
Hermes Trismegistus, Corpus Hermeticum^[3]

Medieval philosophy

Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, c. AD 397
Augustine of Hippo, The City of God, early 5th century
Proclus, The Elements of Theology
Damascius, Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles
Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy, c. 500
Eriugena, Periphyseon
Avicenna, The Book of Healing
Avicenna, Proof of the Truthful
Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed
Maimonides, Mishneh Torah
Yehuda Halevi, Kuzari
Saadia Gaon, Emunoth ve-Deoth
Al-Ghazali, The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Averroes, The Incoherence of the Incoherence
Anselm, Proslogion
Thomas Aquinas, Summa contra Gentiles, c. 1260
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae
Duns Scotus, Ordinatio (aka Opus Oxoniense)^[4]
Ibn Taymiyyah, Refutation of the Rationalists
William of Ockham, Summa Logicae

Early modern philosophy

Title page of Advancement of Learning by Francis Bacon

Desiderius Erasmus, The Praise of Folly, 1509 (printed 1511)
Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513 (printed 1532)
Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on Livy, 1517 (printed 1533)
Michel de Montaigne, Essays, 1570–1592 (printed 1580–1595)
Sir Francis Bacon, Novum Organum, 1620
Hugo Grotius, De jure belli ac pacis, 1625
René Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind, 1628
René Descartes, Discourse on the Method, 1637
René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy, 1641
René Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, 1644
René Descartes, Passions of the Soul, 1649
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651
Blaise Pascal, Pensées, 1670
Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, 1677
Baruch Spinoza, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, 1677
Robert Filmer, Patriarcha, 1680
Gottfried Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics, 1686
Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics, 1688
John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1689
John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689
Anne Conway, The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, 1690
Gottfried Leibniz, New Essays on Human Understanding, 1704 (printed 1765)
George Berkeley, Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 1710
Gottfried Leibniz, Théodicée, 1710
Gottfried Leibniz, Monadology, 1714 (printed 1720)
Giambattista Vico, The New Science, 1725, 1730, 1744
Francis Hutcheson, An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, 1725
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, 1738–1740
Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine, 1747
David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1748
Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1748
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, 1750
Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, 1751
David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, 1751
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men, 1754
Edmund Burke, A Vindication of Natural Society, 1756
Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757
Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 1759
Voltaire, Candide, 1759
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, or On Education, 1762
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, 1762
Voltaire, Treatise on Tolerance, 1763
Thomas Reid, Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, 1764
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, 1776
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 1781
Immanuel Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 1783
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, 1785
Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, 1785
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Practical Reason, 1788
Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790
Immanuel Kant, Critique of Judgement, 1790
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790
Marquis de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind, 1794
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1791
Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Foundations of the Science of Knowledge, 1794
Joseph de Maistre, Considerations on France, 1797

19th-century philosophy

François-René de Chateaubriand, The Genius of Christianity, 1802
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, 1807
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Science of Logic, 1812–1817
Arthur Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation, 1819–1859
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, 1820
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 1822, 1828, 1830, printed 1837
Auguste Comte, Course of Positive Philosophy, 1830–1842
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835
William Whewell, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences: Founded upon their History, 1840
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance, 1841
Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, 1843
Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling, 1843
John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843
Søren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Anxiety, 1844
Max Stirner, The Ego and Its Own, 1844
Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, 1846
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, 1861–1863
Herbert Spencer, System of Synthetic Philosophy, 1862–1892
Karl Marx, Das Kapital, 1867–1894
John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill, The Subjection of Women, 1869
William Stanley Jevons, The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method, 1874
Henry Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, 1874
Charles Sanders Peirce, Illustrations of the Logic of Science, 1877–1878
Charles Sanders Peirce, "How to Make Our Ideas Clear", 1878
Gottlob Frege, Begriffsschrift, 1879
Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, 1883–1891
Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 1886
Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, 1887
Henri Bergson, Time and Free Will, 1889
Henri Bergson, Matter and Memory, 1896

Asian philosophy

Indian philosophy

The Upanishads
The Bhagavad Gita ("The Song of God")
Samkhya school
- Isvarakrsna, Sankhya Karika
Nyaya school
- Aksapada Gautama, Nyaya Sutras
Vaisheshika school
- Kanada, Vaisheshika Sutra
Yoga school
- Patañjali, Yoga Sutras
- Swami Swatamarama, Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Vedanta school
- Vyasa, Brahma Sutras
Mīmāṃsā school
- Jaimini, Purva Mīmāṃsā Sutras
Jainism / Jain literature
- Jain Scriptures
  - Jain Agamas (Digambara)
  - Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)
Buddhism / Buddhist texts
- Pāli Canon
- Mahayana sutras
Tamil
- Thiruvalluvar, Thirukkural

Chinese philosophy

Zhou Dynasty

Kongzi, Analects (likely written later by followers)
Kongzi, Five Classics (compiled)
Sun tzu, Art of War
Laozi, Dao De Jing

Warring States

Song Dynasty

The Record of Linji
Zhou Dunyi, The Taiji Tushuo
Zhu Xi, Four Books [compiled]
Zhu Xi, Reflections on Things at Hand, 1175

Japanese philosophy

Pre-Meiji Buddhism

Kukai, Attaining Enlightenment in this Very Existence, 817
Honen, One-Sheet Document, 1212
Shinran, Kyogyoshinsho, 1224
Dogen Zenji, Shōbōgenzō, 1231–1253
Hakuin Ekaku, Wild Ivy

Early modern

Zeami Motokiyo, Style and Flower, approx. 1400 AD
Miyamoto Musashi, The Book of Five Rings, approx. 1600 AD

Contemporary philosophy

Logic and philosophy of logic

Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, 1910–13/1925–27
Kurt Gödel, "On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems", 1931
Alfred Tarski, "The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages", 1933/1956
Alfred Tarski, Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of the Deductive Sciences, 1941/1994
Wilfrid Sellars, "Inference and Meaning", 1953
Alfred Tarski, Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers from 1923 to 1938, 1956/1983
William Kneale and Martha Kneale, The Development of Logic, 1962
Saul Kripke, "Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic", 1963
Donald Davidson, "Truth and Meaning", 1967
Willard Van Orman Quine, Philosophy of Logic, 1970/1986
David K. Lewis, Counterfactuals, 1973
Susan Haack, Philosophy of Logics, 1978
Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour, and Richard Scheines, Causation, Prediction, and Search, 1993
Robert Brandom, Articulating Reasons: An Introduction to Inferentialism, 2000

Philosophy of language

Gottlob Frege, "On Sense and Reference", 1892
Bertrand Russell, "On Denoting", 1905
Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (also called The Tractatus), 1921
A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic, 1936
Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 1953
J. L. Austin, How To Do Things With Words, 1955/1962
J. L. Austin, "A Plea for Excuses", 1956
Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object, 1960
H. Paul Grice, "Logic and Conversation", 1967/1987
Stanley Cavell, Must We Mean What We Say? A Book of Essays, 1969/1976
John Searle, Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, 1969
Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980
David K. Lewis, "General Semantics", 1972
Donald Davidson, "Radical Interpretation", 1973
Donald Davidson, "On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme", 1973
Michael Dummett, Frege: Philosophy of Language, 1973/1981
Michael Devitt and Kim Sterelny, Language and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language, 1987/1999
David Kaplan, "Demonstratives", 1989
Cora Diamond, The Realistic Spirit: Wittgenstein, Philosophy, and the Mind, 1991
Robert Brandom, Making it Explicit: Reasoning, Representing, and Discursive Commitment, 1994

Epistemology

Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy, 1912
George Santayana, Scepticism and Animal Faith, 1923
G. E. Moore, "A Defence of Common Sense", 1925
Jacques Maritain, The Degrees of Knowledge, 1932
Edmund Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", 1963
Roderick Chisholm, Theory of Knowledge, 1966/1989
W. V. O. Quine, "Epistemology Naturalized", 1971
Peter Unger, Ignorance: A Case for Scepticism, 1975
Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, 1979
Stanley Cavell, The Claim of Reason: Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality, and Tragedy, 1979
Alvin Goldman, "What is Justified Belief?", 1979
Ernest Sosa, "The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge", 1980
Laurence Bonjour, The Structure of Empirical Knowledge, 1985
John Hardwig, "Epistemic Dependence", 1985
Alvin Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition, 1986
Stephen Stich, The Fragmentation of Reason: Preface to a Pragmatic Theory of Cognitive Evaluation, 1990
Susan Haack, Evidence and Inquiry: Towards Reconstruction in Epistemology, 1993/2009
John McDowell, Mind and World, 1994
David K. Lewis, "Elusive Knowledge", 1996
Alvin Goldman, Knowledge in a Social World, 1999
Jürgen Habermas, "Truth and Justification", 1999
Timothy Williamson, Knowledge and its Limits, 2000
Donald Davidson, Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective, 2001
Jonathan Kvanvig, The Value of Knowledge and the Pursuit of Understanding, 2003
Jason Stanley, Knowledge and Practical Interests, 2005
Miranda Fricker, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, 2007
Keith DeRose, The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism, and Context, 2009

Metaphysics

Henri Bergson, "Introduction to Metaphysics", 1903
G. E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism", 1903
Henri Bergson, Creative Evolution, 1907
William James, Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, 1907
J. M. E. McTaggart, "The Unreality of Time", 1908
John Dewey, Experience and Nature, 1925/1929
Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality, 1929
R. G. Collingwood, An Essay on Metaphysics, 1940
W. V. O. Quine, "On What There Is", 1948
Rudolf Carnap, Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic, 1947/1956
Rudolf Carnap, "Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology", 1950
W. V. O. Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", 1951
Errol Harris, The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science, 1965
Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity, 1972/1980
D. M. Armstrong, Universals and Scientific Realism, 1978
W. V. O. Quine, Theories and Things, 1981
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Knowledge and the Sacred, 1981
Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, 1984
David K. Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, 1986
Peter van Inwagen, Metaphysics, 1993/2015
Nicholas Rescher, Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy, 1996
E. J. Lowe, The Possibility of Metaphysics: Substance, Identity, and Time, 1998
Amie Thomasson, Fiction and Metaphysics, 1999
Theodore Sider, Writing the Book of the World, 2011
David Chalmers, Constructing the World, 2012

Philosophy of mind

Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind, 1949
Wilfrid Sellars, "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind", 1956
Herbert Feigl, "The 'Mental' and the 'Physical'", 1958
David K. Lewis, "An Argument for the Identity Theory", 1966
Thomas Nagel, "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?", 1974
Jerry Fodor, The Language of Thought, 1975
Hilary Putnam, "The Meaning of 'Meaning'", 1975
Tyler Burge, "Individualism and the Mental", 1979
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By, 1980
Paul Churchland, "Eliminative Materialism and Propositional Attitudes", 1981
Jerry Fodor, The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology, 1983
John Searle, Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind, 1983
Stephen Stich, From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case Against Belief, 1983
Ruth Garrett Millikan, Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories: New Foundations for Realism, 1984
Patricia Churchland, Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind-Brain, 1986
Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere, 1986
Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason, 1987
Roger Penrose, The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics, 1989
Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained, 1991
Francisco J. Varela, Evan Thompson, and Eleanor Rosch, The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience, 1991
David Chalmers, The Conscious Mind, 1996
Andy Clark, Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again, 1997
Andy Clark & David Chalmers, The Extended Mind, 1998
Shaun Gallagher, How the Body Shapes the Mind, 2005
Andy Clark, Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension, 2008
David Chalmers, The Character of Consciousness, 2010
Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: How Our Minds, Society, and Neurosexism Create Difference, 2010
Evan Thompson, Mind in Life, 2010
Andy Clark, Surfing Uncertainty: Prediction, Action, and the Embodied Mind, 2015

Philosophy of religion

William James, "The Will to Believe", 1896
William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, 1902
Aldous Huxley, The Perennial Philosophy, 1945
Alvin Plantinga, God and Other Minds: A Study of the Rational Justification of Belief in God, 1967
Richard Swinburne, The Existence of God, 1979
William Lane Craig, The Kalam Cosmological Argument, 1979
Alvin Plantinga, "Is Belief in God Properly Basic?", 1981
Jean-Luc Marion, God Without Being, 1982
J. L. Mackie, The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God, 1982
John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, 1989/2004
William L. Rowe, "The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look", 1996
Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief, 2000
Jay L. Garfield, Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation, 2001

Philosophy of mathematics

Gottlob Frege, The Foundations of Arithmetic, 1884
Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, Principia Mathematica, 1910–13/1925–27
Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, 1919
Eugene Wigner, "The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences", 1960
Paul Benacerraf and Hilary Putnam, Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings, 1964/1983
Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference, 1975
Imre Lakatos, Proofs and Refutations, 1976
Penelope Maddy, Realism in Mathematics, 1990
Penelope Maddy, Second Philosophy: A Naturalistic Method, 2007

Philosophy of science

Henri Poincaré, Science and Hypothesis, 1902, and The Value of Science, 1905
Hermann Weyl, Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science, 1927/1949
Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934/1959
John Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry, 1938
Rudolf Carnap, Logical Foundations of Probability, 1950/1962
Hans Reichenbach, The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, 1951
Stephen Toulmin, The Philosophy of Science: An Introduction, 1953
Nelson Goodman, Fact, Fiction, and Forecast, 1955
Michael Polanyi, Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-critical Philosophy, 1958
Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation, 1961
Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962/1996
Carl Gustav Hempel, Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science, 1965
Mario Bunge, Scientific Research: Strategy and Philosophy (republished in 1998 as Philosophy of Science), 1967
Stephen Toulmin, Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts, 1972
Mario Bunge, Treatise on Basic Philosophy, 8 volumes, 1974–1989
Roy Bhaskar, A Realist Theory of Science, 1975
Paul Feyerabend, Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge, 1975/1993
Larry Laudan, Progress and its Problems: Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth, 1978
David K. Lewis, "How to Define Theoretical Terms", 1979
Bas C. van Fraassen, The Scientific Image, 1980
Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution, 1980
Wesley C. Salmon, Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World, 1984
Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life, 1985
Ronald Giere, Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach, 1988
David Hull, Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science, 1988
Paul Thagard, Computational Philosophy of Science, 1988
Helen Longino, Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry, 1990
Lorraine Code, What Can She Know? Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knowledge, 1991
Sandra Harding, Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking from Women's Lives, 1991
Paul Thagard, Conceptual Revolutions, 1992
John Dupré, The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations of the Disunity of Science, 1993
Deborah Mayo, Error and the Growth of Experimental Knowledge, 1996
E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, 1998
John Ziman, Real Science: What it Is, and What it Means, 2000
Peter Godfrey-Smith, Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, 2003/2021
Hasok Chang, Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress, 2004
William C. Wimsatt, Re-Engineering Philosophy for Limited Beings: Piecewise Approximations to Reality, 2007
Nancy J. Nersessian, Creating Scientific Concepts, 2008
Heather Douglas, Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal, 2009
William Bechtel and Robert C. Richardson, Discovering Complexity: Decomposition and Localization as Strategies in Scientific Research, 2010

Philosophy of physics

Pierre Duhem, The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, 1906
Albert Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity, 1922
Hans Reichenbach, The Philosophy of Space and Time, 1928/1957
Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?", 1935
Arthur Eddington, Philosophy of Physical Science, 1939
Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, 1958
Adolf Grünbaum, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, 1963/1973
John Stewart Bell, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Paradox", 1964
Rudolf Carnap, Philosophical Foundations of Physics, 1966
Lawrence Sklar, Space, Time, and Spacetime, 1974
Nancy Cartwright, How the Laws of Physics Lie, 1983
Michael Friedman, Foundations of Space-Time Theories: Relativistic Physics and the Philosophy of Science, 1983
John Stewart Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics: Collected Papers on Quantum Philosophy, 1987/2004
Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics, 1992
Lawrence Sklar, Physics and Chance: Philosophical Issues in the Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, 1993
Roland Omnès, Quantum Philosophy: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science, 1994/1999
Roberto Torretti, The Philosophy of Physics, 1999
Craig Callender and Nick Huggett, Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale: Contemporary Theories in Quantum Gravity, 2001
Harvey Brown, Physical Relativity: Space-time Structure from a Dynamical Perspective, 2005

Philosophy of biology

Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, 1945
David Hull, Philosophy of Biological Science, 1974
Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin, "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme", 1979
Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 1981/1996
Richard Dawkins, The Extended Phenotype, 1982
Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance, 1982
Elliott Sober, The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus, 1984
Michael Ruse, Taking Darwin Seriously: A Naturalistic Approach to Philosophy, 1986
Kristin Shrader-Frechette and Earl D. McCoy, Method in Ecology: Strategies for Conservation, 1993
Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology, 1993/2000
Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, 1995
Martin Mahner and Mario Bunge, Foundations of Biophilosophy, 1997
Kim Sterelny and Paul E. Griffiths, Sex and Death: An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology, 1999
Sandra Mitchell, Biological Complexity and Integrative Pluralism, 2003
Denis Noble, The Music of Life: Biology Beyond the Genome, 2006
Samir Okasha, Evolution and the Levels of Selection, 2006
Elliott Sober, Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science, 2008
Michael Ruse, The Philosophy of Human Evolution, 2010

Philosophy of chemistry

Eric Scerri and Lee C. McIntyre, "The Case for the Philosophy of Chemistry", 1997
Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, and Lee C. McIntyre (eds.), Philosophy of Chemistry: Synthesis of a New Discipline, 2006

Philosophy of psychology

William James, The Principles of Psychology, 1890
B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior, 1953
Abraham Kaplan, The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science, 1964
Paul E. Meehl, "Theory-Testing in Psychology and Physics: A Methodological Paradox", 1967
Roy Bhaskar, The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences, 1979/2015
John Robert Anderson, Cognitive Psychology and its Implications, 1980/2019
Ned Block (ed.), Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, 1981
Mario Bunge and Rubén Ardilla, Philosophy of Psychology, 1987
Paul E. Meehl, "Theoretical Risks and Tabular Asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the Slow Progress of Soft Psychology", 1992
Steven Pinker, The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, 2002
Jesse Prinz, Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion, 2004

Philosophy of economics

Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 1932
Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values, 1951/1963
Ludwig von Mises, The Ultimate Foundation of Economic Science, 1962
Joan Robinson, Economic Philosophy, 1962
Kenneth E. Boulding, "Economics as a Moral Science", 1969
Amartya Sen, On Economic Inequality, 1973
Elizabeth S. Anderson, Value in Ethics and Economics, 1993
Paul Ormerod, The Death of Economics, 1994
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, 1999
Steve Keen, Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences, 2001/2011

Ethics

G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica, 1903
John Dewey and James Hayden Tufts, Ethics, 1908/1932
W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good, 1930
C. S. Lewis, The Abolition of Man, 1943
G. E. M. Anscombe, "Modern Moral Philosophy", 1958
Peter Singer, "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", 1972
J. L. Mackie, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, 1977
Sissela Bok, Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life, 1978
Philippa Foot, Virtues and Vices: And Other Essays in Moral Philosophy, 1978
Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality, 1978
Peter Singer, Practical Ethics, 1979/2011
Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, 1981/2007
Samuel Scheffler, The Rejection of Consequentialism, 1982/1994
Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, 1984
Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, 1985
David Gauthier, Morals by Agreement, 1986
Peter Railton, "Moral Realism", 1986
Martha Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, 1986
Paul W. Taylor, Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics, 1986
Holmes Rolston III, Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World, 1988
Shelly Kagan, The Limits of Morality, 1989
Allan Gibbard, Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory Of Normative Judgment, 1990
Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, 1993
Annette Baier, Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics, 1994
Michael A. Smith, The Moral Problem, 1994
Christine Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity, 1996
Peter Unger, Living High and Letting Die: Our Illusion of Innocence, 1996
Thomas M. Scanlon, What We Owe to Each Other, 1998
Rosalind Hursthouse, On Virtue Ethics, 1999
Philippa Foot, Natural Goodness, 2001
Allan Gibbard, Thinking How to Live, 2003
Jonathan Dancy, Ethics Without Principles, 2004
Michael Huemer, Ethical Intuitionism, 2005
Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global, 2006
Derek Parfit, On What Matters, 2011/2017

Meta-ethics

P. F. Strawson, "Freedom and Resentment", 1962
John McDowell, "Virtue and Reason", 1972
John McDowell, "Non-Cognitivism and Rule-Following", 1981
Jürgen Habermas, Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse Ethics, 1993

Bioethics

Paul Ramsey, Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control, 1970
Paul Ramsey, The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics, 1970
Judith Jarvis Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion", 1971
Don Marquis, "Why Abortion is Immoral", 1989

Aesthetics

George Santayana, The Sense of Beauty, 1896
Benedetto Croce, Aesthetic: As Science of Expression and General Linguistic, 1902
Jacques Maritain, Art and Scholasticism, 1920
John Dewey, Art as Experience, 1934
Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction", 1935
R. G. Collingwood, The Principles of Art, 1938
Monroe Beardsley, Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism, 1958
George Kubler, The Shape of Time: Remarks on the History of Things, 1962
Nelson Goodman, Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols, 1968/1976
Richard Wollheim, Art and Its Objects, 1968
Rudolf Arnheim, Visual Thinking, 1969
Theodor Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, 1970
Richard Schechner, Essays on Performance Theory, 1976/2004
Arthur Danto, The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A Philosophy of Art, 1981
Noël Carroll, The Philosophy of Horror, or Paradoxes of the Heart, 1990
Kendall Walton, Mimesis as Make-Believe: On The Foundations of the Representational Arts, 1990
Richard Shusterman, Pragmatist Aesthetics: Living Beauty, Rethinking Art, 1992/2000
Arthur Danto, After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History, 1997
Roger Scruton, The Aesthetics of Music, 1997
Roger Scruton, Beauty, 2009

Social philosophy

Identity

Edward Said, Orientalism, 1978
Judith Butler, "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution", 1988
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble, 1990
Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks and White Liberals, 2006
Kwame Anthony Appiah, The Ethics of Identity, 2005
Harvey Mansfield, Manliness, 2006
Sara Ahmed, On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life, 2012
Sally Haslanger, Resisting Reality: Social Construction and Social Critique, 2012

Philosophy of education

John Dewey, Democracy and Education, 1916
B.F. Skinner, Walden Two, 1948
Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, 1968

Philosophy of history

Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West, 1918 & 1922
R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, 1946
Karl Löwith, Meaning in History: The Theological Implications of the Philosophy of History, 1949
Patrick Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation, 1952
E. H. Carr, What Is History?, 1961
Arthur Danto, Analytical Philosophy of History, 1965

Philosophy of law

Roscoe Pound, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law, 1954
H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law, 1961
Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law, 1964/1969
Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, 1977
John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights, 1980/2011
Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire, 1986

Political philosophy

Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Society, 1914
Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political, 1932
Jacques Maritain, Integral Humanism: Temporal and Spiritual Problems of a New Christendom, 1936
John Dewey, Freedom and Culture, 1939
Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law, 1942
Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom, 1944
Karl Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945
Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1951
Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History, 1953
Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind, 1953
Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli, 1958
Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty", 1958
Bruno Leoni, Freedom and the Law, 1961
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 1971
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, 1974
Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, 1982/1998
Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality, 1983
Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom, 1986
Paul Ricœur, Lectures on Ideology and Utopia, 1986
Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions, 1987
Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms, 1992
Axel Honneth, The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, 1992
John Rawls, Political Liberalism, 1993
Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, 1995
Samuel P. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations, 1996
Nancy Fraser, Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the "Postsocialist" Condition, 1997
Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, 1998
Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Democracy: The God That Failed, 2001
Amartya Sen, The Idea of Justice, 2009

Continental philosophy

Phenomenology and existentialism

Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, 1900/1901
Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, 1913
Max Scheler, Formalism in Ethics and Non-Formal Ethics of Values, 1913/1916
Martin Buber, I and Thou, 1923
Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, 1927
Edmund Husserl, Cartesian Meditations, 1931
Alfred Schütz, The Phenomenology of the Social World, 1932
Albert Camus, Myth of Sisyphus, 1942
Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness, 1943
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, 1945
Jacques Maritain, Existence and the Existent, 1947
Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949
Emmanuel Levinas, Totality and Infinity, 1961
Emmanuel Levinas, Otherwise than Being, or Beyond Essence, 1974
Jean-Luc Marion, Being Given, 1997

Hermeneutics and deconstruction

Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 1960
Paul Ricœur, Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation, 1965
Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, 1967
Jacques Derrida, Speech and Phenomena, 1967
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Philosophical Hermeneutics, 1976
Paul Ricœur, Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning, 1976
Paul Ricœur, Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences: Essays on Language, Action, and Interpretation, 1981
John McDowell, "Gadamer and Davidson on Understanding and Relativism", 2002

Notes

^ Palmer, John (2 August 2016). "Parmenides (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
^ Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas. "Plato (427–347 B.C.E.)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
^ Hermeticism has philosophical as well as a religious and esoteric aspect.
^ The Ordinatio, is taken to be Scotus' premier work.
^ 'New Confucianism is perhaps the most influential form of Confucian philosophy in the twentieth century: The following essay, published on New Year's Day 1958, is often referred to as the "New Confucian Manifesto" (even though that particular phrase never occurs in it).' "Eirik Harris' translation of "Manifesto on Behalf of Chinese Culture," by Mou Zongsan et al". hackettpublishing.com. Retrieved 2019-12-26.

External links

Annotated Bibliography on Analysis, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Epistemology Research Guide by Keith Korcz, University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
London Philosophy Study Guide, University College London.
What Are the Modern Classics? The Baruch Poll of Great Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, Douglas P. Lackey, Philosophical Forum 30(4): 329–346 (1999).

[1] Palmer, John (2 August 2016). "Parmenides (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 2018-12-06.

[2] Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas. "Plato (427–347 B.C.E.)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ISSN 2161-0002. Retrieved 2018-12-06.

[3] Hermeticism has philosophical as well as a religious and esoteric aspect.

[4] The Ordinatio, is taken to be Scotus' premier work.

[5] 'New Confucianism is perhaps the most influential form of Confucian philosophy in the twentieth century: The following essay, published on New Year's Day 1958, is often referred to as the "New Confucian Manifesto" (even though that particular phrase never occurs in it).' "Eirik Harris' translation of "Manifesto on Behalf of Chinese Culture," by Mou Zongsan et al". hackettpublishing.com. Retrieved 2019-12-26.

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