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Education

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Main article: Education in India
 
School Lunch at a primary boarding school for children of the Dalit minority group.

Education in India is provided by public schools (controlled and funded by three levels: central, state and local) and private schools. Under various articles of the Indian Constitution, free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children between the ages of 6 and 14. As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6-14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrolment above 96%.[1] However, numerous issues pervade contemporary education in India including inefficient teaching methods, grade inflation, an urban/rural gap, low completion levels, massive graduate unemployment, corruption, saffronisation, a gender gap, and the tremendous influence of a small number of elite secondary schools.[2][3][4][5] Modern education in India is often criticised for being based on rote learning rather than problem solving.[6] Education in rural India is valued differently from in an urban setting, with lower rates of completion.[7] An imbalanced sex ratio exists within schools with 18% of males earning a high school diploma compared with only 10% of females.[8] The estimated number of children who have never attended school in India is near 100 million which reflects the low completion levels.[9] This is the largest concentration in the world of youth who haven't enrolled in school.[10]

At the primary and secondary level, India has a large private school system complementing the government run schools, with 29% of students receiving private education in the 6 to 14 age group.[11][12][13] Although there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach, in what form they can operate (must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution) and all other aspects of operation. Hence, the differentiation of government schools and private schools can be misleading.[14] Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18. Secondary education in India is examination-oriented and not course-based: students register for and take classes primarily to prepare for one of the centrally-administered examinations. After Secondary education students may opt for vocational education or university education. An analysis by the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) reported that between September and December of 2018 reached 13.2% (with a 35% rate for women) compared to an overall average unemployment rate of 6.7%.[15] The 2011 Census survey holds the National Literacy Rate to be 74.04%.[16] The youth literacy rate, measured within the age group of 15 to 24, is 81.1% (84.4% among males and 74.4% among females),[17] while 86% of boys and 72% of girls are literate in the 10-19 age group.[18] India's traditional emphasis on higher education during the later half of the 20th century, as opposed to a focus on primary education as in Sri Lanka or South Korea, has been a major factor in India's long lasting illiteracy, with wider societal consequences.[19][20] Corruption in the Indian education system has been eroding the quality of education and has been creating long-term negative consequences for the society. Educational corruption in India is considered as one of the major contributors to domestic black money.[21]

India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States.[22] India's All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) reported, in 2013, that there are more than 4,599 vocational institutions that offer degrees, diploma and post-diploma in architecture, engineering, hotel management, infrastructure, pharmacy, technology, town services and others.[23] In January 2019, India had over 900 universities and 40,000 colleges.[24] Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the world's top 200 universities — Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management, and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006. In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St. Louis.[25]

Science

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Technology

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References

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  1. ^ "Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2018" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Wood, Hugh (1954). "Secondary Education in India". The School Review. 62: pp. 399-408. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ Singh, Srijan Pal (June 9, 2019). "Board Examinations: Where grade inflation met quality deflation". India Today. Retrieved 2020-02-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ Hallak, Jacques; Poisson, Muriel (2007). Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: what can be done?. UNESCO. ISBN 92-803-1296-0.
  5. ^ Katju, Manjari (2005). Saffronisation and Indian Politics (Vol. 40, Issue No. 11).
  6. ^ "Indian education: Creating zombies focussed on passing exams". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  7. ^ Sahni, Urvashi (2015-01-20). "Primary Education in India: Progress and Challenges". Brookings. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  8. ^ Fletcher, Theo (2018). Adult and Social Education. Scientific e-Resources. ISBN 1839472154.
  9. ^ Maitra, Krishna. Diversity in Gifted Education: International Perspectives on Global Issues.
  10. ^ Verma, Suman (2002). The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 117. ISBN 0-521-00605-8.
  11. ^ Saileela, K. Empowering India Through Digital Literacy (Vol. 2). ISBN 9780359572298.
  12. ^ Bhalla, D. (2019). Future of India. ISBN 9789351866473.
  13. ^ Joshua, Anita (2014-01-16). "'Over a quarter of enrolments in rural India are in private schools'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  14. ^ Mukherjee, Ramanuj. "Indian Education System: What needs to change?".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  15. ^ "Unemployment rate highest among graduates; touches 13.2% in Sept-Dec, 2018: CMIE". www.businesstoday.in. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  16. ^ A Reference Annual (53rd edition). India. 2009. p. 225.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ "Country Profiles - India". UNESCO.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ^ National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) Macro. International Institute for Population Sciences & ORC. 2000.
  19. ^ Weiner, Myron (1990). The Child and the State in India: Child Labor and Education Policy in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691018980.
  20. ^ Altbach, Philip G. (2019). A Half-Century of Indian Higher Education. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-8132110484.
  21. ^ Kulkarni, Sumati. (2001). National family health survey (NFHS-2), India, 1998-99 : Punjab. International Institute for Population Sciences.
  22. ^ "India Country Summary" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "India Vocational Institutions" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ "HRD to increase nearly 25 pc seats in varsities to implement 10 pc quota for poor in gen category". The Economic Times. 2019-01-15. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
  25. ^ Source, | The (2015-04-23). "First U.S.-India joint EMBA program begins". Global. Retrieved 2020-01-31.
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