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Ethiofencarb is a carbamate insecticide which is useful in controlling aphids on hard and soft fruits and some vegetables.[5] It is not as dangerous as organophosphorous pesticides, but is considered highly toxic to humans in the UK, moderately toxic under US EPA classification, and highly toxic to aquatic life.[6]
 Line structure of ethiofencarb
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 Space-filling model of ethiofencarb
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
2-[(Ethylsulfanyl)methyl]phenyl methylcarbamate | |
| Other names
Carbamic acid, methyl-, 2-(ethylthiomethyl)phenyl ester , Croneton , Ethiofencarb , Ethiofencarb , ethiophencarbe , Ethiophencarp , HOX 1901 , Phenol, 2-?(ethylthio)methyl-, methylcarbamate , Phenol, 2-(ethylthio)methyl , Phenol, 2-(ethylthio)methyl-, methylcarbamate (9CI),[1] α-Ethylthio-o-tolyl methylcarbamate [2]
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.045.423 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C11H15NO2S | |
| Molar mass | 225.31 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless crystals [3] |
| Density | 1.231 g/cm3 (20 °C)[3] |
| Melting point | 33.4 °C (92.1 °F; 306.5 K)[3] |
| Boiling point | Decomposes upon distillation[3] |
| 1.82 g/L at 20°C [3] | |
| Solubility | In dichloromethane, isopropanol and toluene >200, hexane 5-10 [3] |
| Vapor pressure | 0.94 mPa[3] |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Toxic if swallowed[4] |
| GHS labelling: | |
 
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| Warning | |
| H302, H410 | |
| P264, P270, P273, P301+P312, P330, P391, P501 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Mechanism of action
editCarbamates are effective insecticides because of their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. Carbamate pesticides are less dangerous to humans than organophosphorus pesticides because carbamylation of the enzyme is unstable, and the regeneration of AChE is faster compared to a phosphorylated enzyme. Therefore the dose required to produce minimum symptoms of poisoning and a lethal dose is substantially larger for carbamate compounds than for organophosphorus compounds.[7]
Environmental fate
editEthiofencarb has an atmospheric half-life of 16 hours. When exposed to soil, ethiofencarb is moderately mobile and remains within the ground. It has been found to have a half-life of 2 weeks under greenhouse conditions. When added to water, it typically does not associate with the sediment, and can remain unchanged in an acidic environment, while it is hydrolyzed in an alkaline one. When dissolved in water, ethiofencarb is readily photodegraded by sunlight. Ethiofencarb could be transported from place to place in the environment through various natural waste pathways.[3]
Carbamate groups are hydrolyzed to produce phenols and the N-methyl group undergoes hydroxylation. Sulfur is rapidly oxidized to give ethiofencarb sulfoxide. As stated above, ethiofencarb is stable in acidic conditions, but hydrolyzes when in the presence of a base. It was found to rapidly hydrolyze at pH conditions of 9 and 12. When subjected to sunlight, the main products that resulted from photodegredation are 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3-methylbenzo[e-1,3]oxazine-2-4-dione. The main reaction to occur is the precession of ethiofencarb to its sulfide. When in plants, ethiofencarb is close to optimum lipophilicity as the plant breathes. The chemical is metabolized to a sulfoxide, to a sulfone and then hydrolyzed to a phenol sulfoxide and a phenol sulfone.[8]
Metabolism
editRats were administered a dosage of ethiofencarb, which was radio labeled, for 10 days and their urine was analyzed. It was found that 95% of the radioactivity was urinated out within 72 hours of administration. This chemical is rapidly oxidized in the bodies of mammals, hydrolyzing to phenolic metabolites.[8]
Safety
editIn humans, ethiofencarb can cause muscle weakness, dizziness, flushness, excess salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blurred vision, slurred speech and twitching. If a very high dose of ethiofencarb is administered then seizures, comas or hypertension could result.[9] In severe cases, dyspnea, bronchospasms and bronchorrhea with impending pulmonary edema have been known to occur.[1]
There have been a few human deaths reported. In one case, a 56-year-old gardener who had come in contact with too much of the insecticide, was found unconscious in his car after vomiting and was taken to a hospital. He developed a severe case of pulmonary edema within an hour of admission, and after three hours, he died and 26.4 mg/L ethiofencarb, along with 0/12 g/100 mL ethanol, 37.9 mg/L ethiofencarbsulfoxide and 0.9 mg/L ethiofencarbsulfone were found in his urine analysis.[10]
Regulation
editEthiofencarb is known to the World Health Organization as a 'highly hazardous' pesticide and the European Union's Nordic Council of Ministers refers to it as 'dangerous to the environment'.[9] This chemical is no longer used or produced within the United States.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^ a b "Ethiofencarb". PAN Pesticides Database. Accessed 2012-11-14.
Carbamic acid, methyl-, 2-(ethylthiomethyl)phenyl ester , Croneton , Ethiofencarb , Ethiofencarb , ethiophencarbe , Ethiophencarp , HOX 1901 , Phenol, 2-(ethylthio)methyl
- ^ a b "Ethiofencarb". PPDB. Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h CID 34766 from PubChem
- ^ "Ethiofencarb". Chemical Book. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Kalyani Paranjape; Vasant Gowariker; V N Krishnamurthy; Sugha Gowariker (22 December 2014). The Pesticide Encyclopedia. CABI. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-1-78064-014-3.
- ^ "ethiofencarb (Ref: BAY 108594)". PPDB: Pesticide Properties DataBase. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ "Ethiofencarb". PubChem Open Chemistry Database. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
- ^ a b Roberts, Terence (1999). Metabolic Pathways of Agrochemicals: Part 2: Insecticides and Fungicides. RSC Publishing. pp. 40–44. ISBN 0-85404-499-X.
- ^ a b "Ethiofencarb". Powered by Atlassian Confluence and Zen Foundation. Retrieved 2012-11-11.
- ^ Al-Samarraie, MS; Karinen, R; Rognum, T; Hasvold, I; Opdal Stokke, M; Christophersen, AS (2009). "Lethal poisoning with ethiofencarb and ethanol". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 33 (7): 389–92. doi:10.1093/jat/33.7.389. PMID 19796510.