High Strain Composite Structures (HSC Structures) are a class of composite material structures designed to perform in a high deformation setting. High strain composite structures transition from one shape to another upon the application of external forces. A single HSC Structure component is designed to transition between at least two, but often more, dramatically different shapes. At least one of the shapes is designed to function as a structure which can support external loads.
High strain composite structures usually consist of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), which are designed to undergo relatively high material strain levels under the course of normal operating conditions in comparison to most FRP structural applications. FRP materials are anisotropic and highly tailor-able which allows for unique effects upon deformation. As a result, many HSC Structures are configured to possess one or more stable states (shapes at which the structure will remain without external constraints) which are tuned for a particular application. HSC Structures with multiple stable states can also be classified as bi-stable structures.
HSC Structures are most often used in applications where low weight structures are desired that can also be stowed in a small volume. Flexible composite structures are used within the aerospace industry for deployable mechanisms such antennas or solar arrays on spacecraft. Other applications focus on materials or structures in which multiple stable configurations are required.
History
editMetals commonly used in springs (e.g. high strength steel, aluminum and beryllium copper alloys) have been utilized in deformable aerospace structures for several decades with considerable success.[1] They continue to be used in the majority of high strain deployable structure applications and excel where the greatest compaction ratios and electrical conductivity are required. But metals suffer from having high densities, high coefficients of thermal expansion, and lower strain capacities when compared to composite materials. In recent decades, the increasing need for high performance deployable structures, coupled with the emergence of a robust composite materials industry, has increased the demand and utility for High Strain Composites Structures. Today HSCs are used in a variety of niche aerospace applications, mostly in areas where extreme precision and low mass are required.
In early 2014 the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Spacecraft Structures Technical Committee recognized that the level of active research and development in High Strain Composites warranted an independent focus group[2] to distinguish high strain composites as a technical area with uniquely identifiable challenges, technologies, mechanics, test methods, and applications. The High Strains Composite Technical Subcommittee was formed to provide a forum and framework to support HSC technical challenges and successes, and will promote continued advances in the field.
Space-Flight Heritage
editThe use of high strain deployable structures dates back to the pioneering days of space exploration and has played a crucial role in enabling a robust spacefaring industry.
Milestones in Space-Based Deformable Structures
| Structure Common Name | Material | Development History | Flight History | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tape-Spring Hinge | Spring steel sheet | [3][4] | ||
| Storable Tubular Extendible Mast (STEM) | Metal sheet | Developed by de Havilland Canada and Spar Aerospace Ltd. | 1961-AH2 Transit Research and Attitude Control (TRAAC), launched 1961. Alouette 1, launched in 1962 | [5][6][7] |
| Wrap Rib Antenna, C-Shaped Ribs | Aluminum sheet | Developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company starting in 1962 | ATS-6, launched in 1974. | [8][9] |
| Lenticular Tube | Stainless steel sheet | Developed by NASA Lewis Research Center in 1965 | [10] | |
| Continuous Longeron Mast | S2 fiberglass rods | Developed by Astro Aerospace. | USAF S-3 Magnetometer Boom launched in 1974. | [11] |
| Lattice Lenticular Tube | Steel music wire | Developed by Astro Research Corporation in 1969. | [12] | |
| Wrap Rib Antenna, Lenticular Ribs | Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminate (Fiberite HMS/33) | Developed by Lockheed Missiles & Space Company in the 1970s; ground demonstration 1982. | [13] | |
| Spring Back Antenna Parabolic Reflector | Glass fiber reinforced polymer laminate | Mobile Sat-1, launched in 1996 | [14][15] | |
| Foldable Flattenable Tubes | fiberglass and Kevlar laminate | Developed by TRW Astro Aerospace for MARSIS antennas, launched 2003 | Mars Express MARSIS antennas, launched in 2003 | [16][17] |
Consumer-Goods
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Current Research and Development
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Material Classification
editRigid Polymer
Rigidizable Polymer
Elastomeric Polymer
Technical Challenges
editCreep
Thin Shell Buckling
Simulation Methods
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Spacecraft Structures Technical Committee - Home". Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. Retrieved 2014-09-04.
- ^ Vyvyan, W. W., “Self-Actuating, Self-Locking Hinge,” 3386128, 1968.
- ^ Chiappetta, F. R., Frame, C. L., and Johnson, K. L., “Hinge element and deployable structures including hinge element,” US5239793 A, 1993.
- ^ Herzl, G. G., Walker, W. W., and Ferrera, J. D., Tubular Spacecraft Booms (Extendible, Reel Stored), NASA SP-8065, 1971.
- ^ “George J. Klein 1904-1992” Available: http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/about/hallfame/u_i19_e.cfm Archived 2010-12-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Department, S., Artificial Earth Satellites Designed and Fabricated by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 1978.
- ^ Miller, J. V., “Antenna with Wire Mesh Reflector.pdf,” 3,217,328, 1965.
- ^ Chadwick, G. G., and Woods, A. A., “Large Space Deployable Antenna Systems,” Large Space Systems Technology Seminar, NASA Conference Publication 2035, Hampton, VA: 1978, pp. 243–288.
- ^ Gertsma, L. W., Dunn, J. H., and Erwin E. Kempke, J., Evaluation of One Type of Foldable Tube, 1965.
- ^ Mauch, H. R., “Deployable Lattice Column,” 3,486,279, 1969.
- ^ Crawford, R. F., Investigation of a Coilable Lattive Column, 1969.
- ^ Woods, A. A., and Garcia, N. F., “Wrap-Rib Antenna Concept Development Overview,” Large Space Antenna Systems Technology, 1982, pp. 423–468.
- ^ Robinson, S. A., “Simplified Spacecraft Antenna Reflector for Stowage in Confined Envelopes,” 5,574,472, 1996.
- ^ Rao, S., Shafai, L., and Sharma, S. K., Handbook of Reflector Antennas and Feed Systems Volume III: Applications of Reflectors, Artech House, 2013.
- ^ Marks, G. W., Reilly, M. T., and Huff, R. L., “The Lightweight Deployable Antenna for the MARSIS Experiment on the Mars Express Spacecraft,” 36th Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium, Glenn Research Center, Glenn Research Center: 2002.
- ^ Adams, D. S., and Mobrem, M., “Lenticular Jointed Antenna Deployment Anomaly and Resolution Onboard the Mars Express Spacecraft,” Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 46, Mar. 2009, pp. 403–410.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Structures Technical Committee Archived 2015-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, High Strain Composite Structures Subcommittee Archived 2015-02-07 at the Wayback Machine