Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog was 'n wêreldwye militêre konflik wat geduur het van 1939 tot 1945. Die oorlog was 'n samesmelting van twee konflikte: een wat in Asië begin het as die Tweede Sjinees-Japannese Oorlog en die ander wat in Europa begin het met die Inval van Pole.
Die oorlog is veroorsaak deur die onbevredigende besleg van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die ekspansionistiese ambisies van die drie hoof spilmoondhede (Duitsland, Italië en Japan), maar ook die Sowjetunie se strategiese belange in Finland, Bulgarye en die Europese see-engtes. Vanweë die geskille met Stalin en Molotof, sy minister van buitelandse sake, oor die afbakening van die Sowjetunie se belangesfere in Europa, wat 'n voorvereiste vir die Sowjet-toetrede tot die Anti-Britse koalisie van Duitsland, Italië en Japan was, het Hitler uiteindelik die besluit geneem om die Sowjetryk met 'n verrassende aanval uit te skakel.[1]
Hierdie globale konflik het meeste van die wêreld se nasies in twee kampe verdeel: die Geallieerdes en die Spilmoondhede. As gevolg van die groot skaal waarop die oorlog plaasgevind het, het meer as 60 miljoen mense omgekom, wat beteken dat dié konflik ook die dodelikste in die aangetekende geskiedenis van die mens was.[2] Die oorlog was tot dusver ook die enigste waartydens sowel kernwapens (deur die VSA in Japan) asook biologiese en chemiese wapens (deur Japan in Sjina) gebruik is.
Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog was dan ook die verreikendste oorlog in die geskiedenis en die betrokke lande het saam meer as 100 miljoen militêre personeel gehad wat aan die oorlog deelgeneem het. Totale oorlog het die onderskeiding tussen burgerlike en militêre hulpmiddels tot niet gemaak en was ook die toneel vir een nasie se mobilisering van sy ekonomiese, industriële en wetenskaplike vermoëns tot inspanning van die oorlog. Amper twee derdes van die gestorwenes was siviele burgers. Die Sjoa (Engels: Holocaust), wat grotendeels in Oos-Europa plaasgevind het, was verantwoordelik vir die stelselmatige uitmoor van ongeveer ses miljoen Jode en ander sosiale en politieke minderhede (Sinti en Roma, Kommuniste, ens.) deur die Spilmoondhede.
- Ek is verbaas dat iemand nog in daardie propaganda glo. Dit is lankal as leuens ontmasker. Lig jou asb. eers self in voordat jy sulke twak vir mense skryf. --41.151.113.182 (talk) 09:29, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
Die konflik het geëindig met 'n oorwinning deur die Geallieerdes. In die nasleep daarvan het die Verenigde State van Amerika en die Sowjetunie ontwaak as die twee voorste wêreldmoondhede. Selfdeterminasie het tot dekolonisasie- en onafhanklikheidsbewegings in Afrika en Asië gelei, terwyl Europa self die pad na integrasie begin loop het.
The Second World War was a worldwide military conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945. The war was a combination of two conflicts: one in Asia which began as the Second Sino-Japanese War and the other that began in Europe with the Invasion of Poland.
The war was precipitateed by the detrimental consequences of the First World War and the expansionist ambitions of the three main Axis countries (Germany, Italy and Japan), but also Soviet Union's strategic objectives in Finland, Bulgaria and Europe. Due to the differences between Stalin and Molotov, his foreign minister, over the delineation of the Soviet Union's interests in Europe, a prerequisite for the Soviet intrusions towards the anti-British coalition of Germany, Italy and Japan, Germany eventually decided to eliminate the threat through a surprise attack.
Functions
edit- Cutting tools, such as the knife, scythe or sickle, are wedge-shaped implements that produce a shearing force along a narrow face. Ideally, the edge of the tool needs to be harder than the material being cut or else the blade will become dulled with repeated use. But even resilient tools will require periodic sharpening, which is the process of removing deformation wear from the edge. Also gouges and drill bits.
- Moving tools move huge and tiny things, e.g. concentrating force tools like the hammer moves a nail, the maul moves a stake, or a whip moves flesh on a horse. These operate by applying physical compression to a surface. In the case of the screwdriver, the force is sideways and called torque. Writing implements deliver a fluid to a surface via compression to activate the ink cartridge. Also grabbing and twisting nuts and blots with pliers, a glove, a wrench, etc...) All these tools move items by some kind of force. Also Trucks, Rockets and Planes move larger items.
- Tools which enact chemical changes, including temperature and ignition, such as lighters, blowtorches and solvent sprays.
- Guiding and measuring tools include the ruler, set square, straightedge and theodolite.
- Shaping tools, such as moulds, jigs, trowels, concrete formwork, caulk, concrete.
- Fastening tools, such as welders, rivet guns, nail guns, glue guns, glue.
Protective gear items are not considered tools, because they do not directly help perform work, just protect the worker like ordinary clothing. Personal protective equipment includes such items as gloves, safety glasses, ear defenders and biohazard suits.
Tool substitution
editOften, by design or coincidence, a tool may share key functional attributes with one or more other tools. In this case, some tools can substitute for other tools, either as a make-shift solution or as a matter of practical efficiency. "One tool does it all" is a motto of some importance for workers who cannot practically carry every specialized tool to the location of every work task. Tool substitution may be divided broadly into two classes: substitution "by-design", or "multi-purpose" use, and substitution as make-shift. In many cases, the designed secondary functions of tools are not widely known. As an example of the former, many wood-cutting hand saws integrate a carpenter's square by incorporating a specially shaped handle which allows 90° and 45° angles to be marked by aligning the appropriate part of the handle with an edge and scribing along the back edge of the saw. The latter is illustrated by the saying "All tools can be used as hammers." Nearly all tools can be re purposed to function as a hammer, even though very few tools are intentionally designed for it.
Multi-use tools
edit- A multitool is a hand tool that incorporates several tools into a single, portable device.
- Lineman's pliers incorporate a gripper and cutter, and are often used secondarily as a hammer.
- Hand saws often incorporate the functionality of the carpenter's square in the right-angle between the blade's dull edge and the saw's handle.
History
editEvidence of stone tool manufacture and use dates from the start of the Stone Age, though it is possible that earlier tools of less durable material have not survived. Stone tools found in China magnetostratigraphically date back to approximately 1.36 million years ago. The transition from stone to metal tools roughly coincided with the development of agriculture around the 4th millennium BC.
Mechanical devices experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).
Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the industrial revolution. Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools become microscopic in size.[1][2]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles, David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006
- ^ Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?, Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006
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