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Da Lat–Thap Cham railway

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The Da Lat–Thap Cham railway (Vietnamese: Đường sắt Tháp Chàm-Đà Lạt) or Da Lat-Phan Rang railway (Vietnamese: Đường sắt Phan Rang-Đà Lạt) was an 84 km (52 mi) rack railway connecting the city of Da Lat to the main North–South railway at Tháp Chàm in Ninh Thuận Province. It was established by the French administration of Indochina in 1932 after thirty years of construction in phases, beginning in 1903. The first section, running 41 km (25 mi) from Tháp Chàm to Sông Pha, opened in 1919, and the second section, running 43 km (27 mi) from Song Pha to Da Lat, opened in 1932. Due to the mountainous terrain, the Sông Pha–Da Lat section used rack rails in three sections, and included five tunnels.[1] The Da Lat–Tháp Chàm railway is occasionally referred to as a Crémaillère railway, referring to the French word for the rack used on its rails.[2]

Refurbished rail cars at Da Lat station, now operated as a tourist attraction
Da Lat station from another point of view

Abandoned during the Vietnam War, the line was gradually dismantled after the North Vietnamese victory in 1975, its infrastructure being used to repair the heavily damaged North–South railway line. In the 1990s, a 7 km (4.3 mi) section of the line between Da Lat Railway Station and the nearby village of Trại Mát was restored and returned to active use as a tourist attraction; it remains active as of 2023. Restored railway cars now carry the name "Dalat Plateau Rail Road", although this name was not used when the entire line was in use.[3] A proposed renewal project, backed by provincial and local governments, aims to restore the entire Đà Lạt–Tháp Chàm railway to handle both passenger and simple light cargo transportation.[4] It is currently believed that the central government will need to fund the project in its entirety, due to the economics of running a tourist train line. It is hoped that steam locomotives can be used on some sections of the line. In the ideal world, the entire line will become a UNESCO-recognized tourism destination of national pride. A national park straddling Lam Dong and Ninh Thuan provinces would be a bonus.

History

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A locomotive travels on the Đà Lạt–Tháp Chàm line

The Da Lat–Thap Cham railway was an adaptation of plans devised by Paul Doumer during his tenure as Governor-General of French Indochina from 1897 to 1902. Approved by the French administration in 1898, Doumer's ambitious plans included several railway lines, including the Yunnan–Vietnam railway connecting the coastal town of Haiphong to the city of Kunming in the Chinese province of Yunnan, and the North–South railway connecting Hanoi and Saigon. Doumer's original plans called for several more branch lines to connect different parts of Indochina, including a link from Quy Nhơn to Kon Tum in the Central Highlands, along with branch lines leading from Quang Tri province to Savannakhet in Laos, and from Saigon to Phnom Penh in Cambodia.[5] None of these other lines were ever implemented in their entirety, although the Hanoi–Dong Dang line later allowed for rail connections to Guangxi, and the first 17 km (11 mi) of the Tan Ap—Thakhek line into Laos were built before construction was abandoned.[6] Doumer's plans were adapted, however, to provide a railway link connecting Da Lat and Tháp Chàm in Ninh Thuận Province, at a cost of 200 million francs.

Construction

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Swiss engineers, who had experience at building zigzag railways for use on steep slopes, were hired to complete the line. Initial surveys took place in 1898, and construction began on the Tháp Chàm–Sông Pha section in 1908.[7] By 1913, tracks had reached the town of Tân Mỹ, and the first trains began to use this portion of the line. The rest of the Tháp Chàm–Sông Pha section opened in 1919, completing the first phase of construction.[1]

 
The Ngoan Muc Pass, along which the railway travelled

The second phase took comparatively more time to complete, due to the mountainous terrain inland from Sông Pha (Krongpha). Although the following section, from Sông Pha to Eo Gio (Bellevue), was only 10 km (6.2 mi) long on a map, its steep grade (120‰) required the use of a rack and pinion system. The Sông Pha–Eo Gio section was completed in 1928. The next section, from Eo Gio to Đơn Dương (Dran), was relatively flat, and was completed in 1929. From Đơn Dương to Tram Hanh (Arbre Broyé), another length of rack rails was laid, this time with a grade of 115‰ and with a more meandering route than previously; this section was completed in 1930. The remaining distance from Tram Hanh to Da Lat was said to be the most difficult, as it crossed the Lam Vien Plateau, 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level. The terrain was again relatively flat from Tram Hanh to Da Tho (Le Bosquet), but required the construction of three railway tunnels; finally, the Da Tho–Trai Mat section, which was the final rack rail section with a grade of 60‰, was laid down; the railway tracks finally reached Da Lat in 1932. The section linking Sông Pha to Da Lat was only 43 km (27 mi) long, but rose almost 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) along a winding route with three rack rail sections and five tunnels. Da Lat Railway Station, one of the first colonial-style buildings to be built in the area, was completed in 1938.[8][9]

Abandonment

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Throughout the Vietnam War, the entire Vietnamese railway network was a target of bombardments and sabotage by both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese forces.[10] The Da Lat–Tháp Chàm line was no exception; plagued by sabotage and mining by the Viet Cong, the line gradually fell out of use, with regular operations coming to an end in 1968.[1]

After the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, the Communist government of the newly unified Vietnam took control of the former South Vietnamese railway. Heavily damaged by bombing and sabotage by both North Vietnamese and South Vietnamese forces and their allies, the war-torn North–South railway line was returned to service on 31 December 1976, promoted as a symbol of Vietnamese unity.[2] Many abandoned railway lines—such as the Da Lat-Tháp Chàm line—were dismantled to provide materials for the repair of the main line; unused materials were sold as scrap metal.[1]

Restoration

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A diesel locomotive prepares for its return trip at Trại Mát station.

In the 1990s, a 7 km (4.3 mi) section of the line between Da Lat station and the nearby village of Trại Mát was restored and returned to active use as a tourist attraction.[3] A planning document released later, in 2002, listed the restoration of the entire Đà Lạt–Tháp Chàm railway as a priority for infrastructure development for Đà Lạt and Lâm Đồng Province, including the upgrading of Da Lat station and other stations along the routes to handle passenger and cargo transportation.[11] The proposed renewal received the backing of provincial and local governments, and the national government indicated that private companies would also be allowed to participate in the reconstruction of the railway. The project would also include a connection to the North–South railway at Tháp Chàm, allowing trains to circulate between Da Lat and the rest of the country for the first time since the Vietnam War.[4] In December 2009, four rail cars restored to look like the rail cars used on the Da Lat–Tháp Chàm line in the 1930s were put into use on the Da Lat–Trại Mát tourist railroad, carrying signage reading "Dalat Plateau Rail Road".[3]

Stations

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Da Lat station

Da Lat station, built in 1938, was designed in Art Deco style by French architects Moncet and Reveron, although it incorporates the high, pointed roofs characteristic of the Cao Nguyen communal buildings of Vietnam's Central Highlands. The three gables, said to represent the three peaks of Dalat's iconic Lang Biang mountain, are also reminiscent of Normandy's Trouville-Deauville Station.[12] The station's unique design—with its roofs, arching ceiling, and coloured-glass windows—earned it recognition as a national historical monument in 2001.[13][14] Several of the stations along the line share a design similar to Da Lat station.[1]

Km[15] Station City/district/ward Altitude[9] Notes Map
0 Tháp Chàm Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm 32 m (105 ft)[nb 1] For North–South railway map
22 Tân Mỹ Tân Mỹ
41 Sông Pha Sông Pha 186 m (610 ft) aka Krongpha[9] map
47 Co Bo Co Bo 663 m (2,175 ft) aka K'Beu,[9] on the Ngoan Muc Pass map
51 Eo Gio Eo Gio 991 m (3,251 ft) aka Bellevue,[9] on the Ngoan Muc Pass map
56 Đơn Dương Đơn Dương 1,016 m (3,333 ft) aka Dran[9] map
62 Tram Hanh Tram Hanh 1,514 m (4,967 ft) aka Arbre Broyé[9] map
66 Cau Dat Cau Dat 1,466 m (4,810 ft) aka Entrerays[9] map
72 Da Tho Da Tho 1,402 m (4,600 ft) aka Le Bosquet[9] map
77 Trai Mat Trai Mat 1,550 m (5,090 ft) map
84 Da Lat Ward 10, Da Lat 1,488 m (4,882 ft)  map

Infrastructure

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The mountainous terrain along the Da Lat–Thap Cham line required the construction of three rack-railway sections and five tunnels. In total, 34 km (21 mi) of rack rails were laid. The first section, from Song Pha to Eo Gio, had a grade of 120‰ (12% or 1 in 8.33). The second section, from Don Duong to Tram Hanh, had a grade of 115‰ (11.5% or 8.33). The third, and final, section, between Da Tho and Trai Mat, had a grade of 60‰ (6% or 1 in 16.67). Two tunnels were built along the first rack rail section between Sông Pha and Eo Gio: one, with a length of 163 m (535 ft), between Sông Pha and Co Bo (K'Beu), and the other, with a length of 70 m (230 ft), between Co Bo and Eo Gio. The next tunnel was the longest, stretching 630 m (2,070 ft) somewhere between Tram Hanh and Cau Dat. Finally, two more tunnels were built between Cau Dat and Da Tho, the first measuring 98 m (322 ft) and the second measuring 129 m (423 ft).[1][3][9] Telegraph poles were also built along the line.[1]

Locomotives

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Steam

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A steam locomotive at Da Lat station
 
Furka Dampfbahn number 1 which was VHX 31-201 in between

Soon after the first part of the railway line was opened, the French Compagnie Des Chemins De Fer De L'Indochine (CFI) set about importing cogwheel locomotives that could be used also on rack sections. CFI initially purchased five HG 4/4-type[nb 2] locomotives in 1924 from Swiss manufacturer SLM Winterthur (German: Schweizerische Lokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik). 1929 two locomotives followed from German manufacturer ME (German: Maschinenfabrik Esslingen), built after the Swiss plans as a so-called "Reparationsleistung". In 1930 SLM delivered another two locomotive, bringing the effective to nine. These locomotives were delivered as numbers 301 through 309 and later were given the serial numbers CFI 40-301 through CFI 40-309. Four locomotives (301, 305, 307 and 309) were destroyed during World War II during the Japanese occupation of Indochina. 1947 it was possible to purchase four similar but slightly less powerful locomotives from the Swiss Furka-Oberalp company which had electrified its lines a few years ago. These were HG 3/4-type[nb 3] locomotives (given serial numbers CFI 31-201 through 31-204). The locomotives were transferred to a Vietnamese railway company, Vietnam Hoa Xa, after the dissolution of French Indochina; the serial numbers remained the same, but with VHX rather than CFI as a prefix. The locomotives functioned on steam, generating a pulling power of 600–820 cv.[1]

The remains of the Furka-Oberalp steam locomotives were repurchased by the Swiss Furka Heritage Railway together with the two locomotives 40-304 and 40-308. It was intended to use them on the restored original Furka rack line. Two locomotives (31-201 and 31-204) were returned to active service[16] with their original numbers 1 and 9.

Number on
delivery 		CFI/VHX
number 		Year
built 		Builder
number 		History Today
701 40-301 1924 SLM 2937 destroyed during World War II -
702 40-302 1924 SLM 2938 1967 damaged in the war, remains in Cau Dat ?
703 40-303 1924 SLM 2939 ?
704 40-304 1924 SLM 2940 1990 brought to Switzerland from Da Lat restored to working condition.
705 40-305 1924 SLM 2941 destroyed during World War II -
706 40-306 1929 ME 4227 Thap Cham, parts 1997 to Switzerland ?
707 40-307 1929 ME 4228 destroyed during World War II -
708 40-308 1930 SLM 3413 1990 brought to Switzerland from Da Lat restored to working condition.
709 40-309 1930 SLM 3414 destroyed during World War II -
BFD/FO HG 3/4 1 31-201 1913 SLM 2315 1947 to Vietnam; 1990 back from Da Lat, 1993 restored to running condition DFB 1 "Furkahorn"
BFD/FO HG 3/4 2 31-202 1913 SLM 2316 1947 to Vietnam; 1990 back from Sông Pha in parts stored DFB for parts
BFD/FO HG 3/4 8 31-203 1914 SLM 2418 1947 to Vietnam; 1990 back from Tháp Chàm in parts stored DFB for parts
BFD/FO HG 3/4 9 31-204 1914 SLM 2419 1947 to Vietnam; 1990 back from Da Lat in parts, 1993 restored to running condition DFB 9 "Gletschhorn"[17]

Diesel

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See also

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Notes and references

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Notes
  1. ^ At Phan Rang Air Base.
  2. ^ Narrow gauge, with a mix of adhesion and rack-rail drive, 4 drive axles, 4 total axles.
  3. ^ Narrow gauge, with a mix of adhesion and rack-rail drive, 3 drive axles, 4 total axles.
References
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "A Brief History of Dalat Railroad". Viet Nam Air Force Model Aircraft of Minnesota. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
  2. ^ a b Nick Ray; Yu-Mei Balasingamchow; Iain Stewart (2009). Vietnam. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781742203898. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  3. ^ a b c d "Chugging down history lane". Vietnamnet. Vietnam News Agency. 2010-01-02. Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  4. ^ a b "1928 Thap Cham-Da Lat Railway returns". Vietnamnet. Vietnam News Agency. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10. Retrieved 2008-03-14.
  5. ^ Les chemins de fer de l'Indochine française. Arnaud Georges. In: Annales de Géographie. 1924, t. 33, n°185. pp. 501-503.
  6. ^ Martin Stuart-Fox (1997). A history of Laos. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-521-59746-3. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  7. ^ Nguyen Dat (2008-08-11). "Coming around the mountain". Timeout. Vietnam Investment Review. Retrieved 2010-07-28.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ "A Brief History of Dalat Railroad". Viet Nam Air Force Model Aircraft of Minnesota. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dalat–Song Pha Cog Railway Map / Vertical Map Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. From "A Brief History of Dalat Railroad". Viet Nam Air Force Model Aircraft of Minnesota. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  10. ^ "Proposed Loan and Administration of Loan from Agence Française de Développement: Yen Vien–Lao Cai Railway Upgrading Project" (PDF). November 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  11. ^ Government of Vietnam 2002.
  12. ^ "Paradise by the Dashboard Light". Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  13. ^ Minh Thu (2009-02-22). "Little Paris charms visitors". Asia News Network. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
  14. ^ John Colet; Joshua Eliot (2002). Vietnam handbook. Footprint Travel Guides. p. 252. ISBN 1-903471-31-1. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  15. ^ H. Lartilleux (1953). Géographie universelle des transports. Vol. 1. Chaix.
  16. ^ "VHX steam engine restoration". Archived from the original on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  17. ^ carried number 2 from 1993 until 1999 according to Johannes von Arx: Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke, Abenteuer Furka. DFB, Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke 2000
Bibliography
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