Sources accounted for
editAncient Rome
edit- DIR - De Imperatoribus Romanis
- Elton - Elton, Charles Abraham (1825). A History of the Roman Emperors: From the Accession of Augustus to the Fall of the Last Constantine; in Seven Books. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 303 - Keppie - Keppie, Lawrence (1991). Understanding Roman Inscriptions. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 136 - 137
- Levick - Levick, Barbara (2000). The Government of the Roman Empire: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415232371.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 244 - 245 - Rutherford - Rutherford, Richard (2004). "Appendix 3: List of Roman Emperors". Classical Literature: A Concise History. Bodmin, Cornwall: Wiley. ISBN 978-0631231325., p. 313 - 314 - skips emperors during the Crisis of the Third Century, up until Honorius and Theodosius II
- Moxom - Moxom, Philip (2011) [1895]. "Chronological List Of Roman Emperors From Augustus To Constantine". From Jerusalem to Nicea: The Church in the First Three Centuries. Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1463231392., p. xi - xii - up until Constantine I (for this reason discounted during the Dominate)
- Craven - Craven, Maxwell (2019). The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1781557389.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 10 - 12 (Craven's list does include a wealth of usurpers as well, but he clearly distinguishes legitimate emperors and usurpers, and those he designates as usurpers have been left out here) - Grainger - Grainger, John D. (2020). The Roman Imperial Succession. Pen and Sword History. ISBN 978-1-5267-6605-2., p. 302 - 306
- Britannica - "List of Roman emperors". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Livius - Lendering, Jona (1996). "List of Roman Emperors". Livius. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Ostia Antica - "List of Roman Emperors". Ostia Antica. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Met - "List of Rulers of the Roman Empire". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Manders - Manders, Erika (2012). Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193-284. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-9004189706.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 313-314 - only covers the Crisis of the Third Century - Hekster - Hekster, Olivier (2008). Rome and Its Empire: AD 193–284. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748623044., p. 155-156 - only covers the Crisis of the Third Century
- Dixon & Southern - Dixon, Karen R.; Southern, Pat (2014) [1996]. The Late Roman Army. Oxford: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415222969.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. xi-xii - covers emperors from the Crisis of the Third Century onwards - T&T - Tribunes and Triumphs - List of Roman Emperors
- UNRV - UNRV Roman history: Roman Emperor List
- DOB - Dirty Old Books - two lists; a timeline, and a list of rulers. Lists are not entirely consistent with each other, DOB is treated as including an emperor if they appear on the timeline (which is relatively clear) and/or if they are featured in bold text in the list of rulers
- FAC - https://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/rome_gen.htm
Byzantium
edit- DIR - De Imperatoribus Romanis
- Haldon - Haldon, John (2005). The Palgrave Atlas of Byzantine History. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230243644.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 176 - 179 - Lawler - Lawler, Jennifer (2015) [2004]. Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6616-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 323 - 326 - Nicol - Nicol, Donald M. (1977). Church and society in the last centuries of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press p. 131 - 132 - only covers the Palaiologos dynasty
- Elton - Elton, Charles Abraham (1825). A History of the Roman Emperors: From the Accession of Augustus to the Fall of the Last Constantine; in Seven Books. Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link), p. 304 - Browning - Browning, Robert (1980). The Byzantine Empire (Revised ed.). The Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0813207544., p. 297 - 298
- Treadgold - Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804726306., p. 857 - 861
- Mango - Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198140986., p. 307 - 312
- Gregory - Gregory, Timothy E. (2010). A History of Byzantium (2nd ed.). Singapore: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1405184717., p. 438 - 443
- Grierson - Byzantine Coinage book, also here (includes Mezezius and Martina here, but not in the other one)
- FAC - https://www.forumancientcoins.com/historia/byz_gen.htm
Tables for reference
editText formatting in order to make it easier to see:
- Bold - emperor is included in all lists
- Italics + underlining - emperor is included in 3 or more lists
- Italics - emperor is included in multiple lists
- Normal - emperor only appears in a single list
Principate - 16 lists
edit| Emperor | DIR | Elton | Keppie | Levick | Rutherford | Moxom | Craven | Grainger | Britannica | Livius | Ostia Antica | Met | T&T | UNRV | DOB | FAC |
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| Julius Caesar | 
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| Augustus |
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| Caligula (Gaius) |
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| Galba |
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| Otho |
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| Vespasian |
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| Julius Sabinus |
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| Titus |
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| Domitian |
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| Nerva |
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| Trajan |
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| Hadrian |
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| Antoninus Pius (Antoninus I) |
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| Marcus Aurelius |
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| Lucius Verus |
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| Commodus |
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| Didius Julianus |
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| Septimius Severus (Severus I) |
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Crisis of the Third Century - 18 lists
editDominate - 16 lists
edit| Emperor | DIR | Elton | Keppie | Levick | Rutherford | Craven | Dixon & Southern | Grainger | Britannica | Livius | Ostia Antica | Met | T&T | UNRV | DOB | FAC |
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| Diocletian |
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| Maximian |
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| Constantius II |
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Western emperors - 15 lists
edit| Emperor | DIR | Elton | Keppie | Levick | Craven | Dixon & Southern | Grainger | Britannica | Livius | Ostia Antica | Met | T&T | UNRV | DOB | FAC |
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Eastern emperors - 16 lists
edit| Emperor | DIR | Elton | Keppie | Levick | Craven | Dixon & Southern | Haldon | Lawler | Grainger | Britannica | Livius | Ostia Antica | Met | UNRV | DOB | FAC |
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| Arcadius |
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