User:Jaredscribe/Sinology

Timeline of Chinese history

An opinionated {{中國歷史}} and 漢學 based on the 四事五經 classics informed by Aristotelianism and the 大學. Leading to a proposal for a "Far-Eastern Peace Plan" outlined in the essay at zh:User:Jaredscribe, for the liberation of China and re-unification with Taiwan. Chinese theology and religious reform according to the Noahide covenant, rejecting western imperial christianity and stateist atheism, along with backward superstition. Echoing the sentiments of Sun Yat Sen's speech on Pan-Asianism, we call for correcting the westernization error made by the Xinhua revolutionaries (both nationalist and communist).

This leads to a radical proposal for a Pan-Asian Calendar and a subsequent program of "Mental health for lunatics", based in part on 氣功 and Healing Arts. A tribute to Cang jie and Solomon.

天命 和 農曆

• 二十四 節氣, 24 solar terms.
• Traditional Chinese timekeeping#Dual hour: Shí based on the ..
• 地支 12 earthly branches based on orbit of 歲星 Suìxīng (Jupiter, the Year Star), occasionally used as month names.
• 天干 10 Heavenly stems of the Chinese ten-day week, currently superseded by the ISO 7-day week which needs reform.
• 六十干支 sexegenary cycle is superseded by the Metonic Cycle?
• Yellow River Map
• 節日

• 春節 after 大寒, near 立春. 華人新年. 除夕 (chúxī)

• 元宵節
• 清明节

Pan-Asian Lunisolar Calendar

Year of the Rabbit (2023) is a leap year, which means there will be a second "second month", so this table below needs to be corrected.

ChineseCalendar2023.pdf

Panchangam should be used instead of Shalivahana Indian national calendar, IMHO

Hebrew Calendar and Babylonian Calendar	Modern name	Gregorian Calendar 2023 date	Phenological name	Earthly Branch name	Hindu Calendarname	Ancient Macedonian Calendar
Shevat שבט 15th New Year for Trees	正月; zhēngyuè; 'first month' 1st Chinese new year 15th 元宵節 Lantern Festival	22 January	陬月; zōuyuè; 'corner month'. square of Pegasus month	寅月; yínyuè; 'tiger month'	Magha (माघ)
Adar אדר (last, 12th/13th) 14th Purim	二月; èryuè; 'second month'	between 20 February – 21 March *	杏月; xìngyuè; 'apricot month'	卯月; mǎoyuè; 'rabbit month'	Phalguna (फाल्गुन) (12th)
Nisan ניסן (first month) 15th Passover 15th-21st Feast of Unleavened Bread	三月; sānyuè; 'third month'二月; èryuè; 'second month'	23 March	桃月; táoyuè; 'peach month'	辰月; chényuè; 'dragon month'	Chaitra (चैत्र) (first month) Holi
Iyar אייר	四月; sìyuè; 'fourth month'	between 20 April – 21 May *	梅月; méiyuè; 'plum month'	巳月; sìyuè; 'snake month'	Vaisakha (वैशाख)
Sivan סיון	五月; wǔyuè; 'fifth month'	between 21 May – 21 June *	榴月; liúyuè; 'pomegranate month'	午月; wǔyuè; 'horse month'	Jyeshta (ज्येष्ठ)
Tammuz תמוז	六月; liùyuè; 'sixth month'	between 21 June – 23 July *	荷月; héyuè; 'lotus month'	未月; wèiyuè; 'goat month'	Ashadha (आषाढ)
Av אב	七月; qīyuè; 'seventh month'	between 23 July – 23 August *	兰月; 蘭月; lányuè; 'orchid month'	申月; shēnyuè; 'monkey month'	Shraavana (श्रावण)
Elul אלול	八月; bāyuè; 'eighth month'	between 23 August – 23 September *	桂月; guìyuè; 'osmanthus month'	酉月; yǒuyuè; 'rooster month'	Bhadra (भाद्रपद)
תשרי Tishrei Rosh HaShana High Holy Days Yom Kippur Sukkot	九月; jiǔyuè; 'ninth month' Mid-Autumn Festival	between 23 September – 23 October *	菊月; júyuè; 'chrysanthemum month'	戌月; xūyuè; 'dog month'	Ashvin (अश्विन्)
Marcheshvan מרכשון	十月; shíyuè; 'tenth month'	between 23 October – 22 November *	露月; lùyuè; 'dew month'	亥月; hàiyuè; 'pig month'	Kartik (कार्तिक)
Kislev כסלו	冬月; dōngyuè; 'eleventh month'	between 22 November – 22 December *	冬月; dōngyuè; 'winter month'; 葭月; jiāyuè; 'reed month'	子月; zǐyuè; 'rat month'	Agrahayana (Margashirsha) (मार्गशीर्ष)
Tevet טבט	腊月; 臘月; làyuè; 'end-of-year month'	between 22 December – 21 January *	冰月; bīngyuè; 'ice month'	丑月; chǒuyuè; 'ox month'	Pausha (पौष)

• Gregorian dates are approximate and should be used with caution. Many years have intercalary months.

Reform the 星期 Chinese and ISO Week

Biblical Week Days	Genesis Week Phenological Names	明期日	星期日	ISO and Chinese (mis)numbering	Roman Week
1 "Lord's Day"	Heaven and Earth Day	明期天地	星期天	7	Sunday
2	Waters Day	明期二	星期一	1	Monday
3	Plants Day	明期三	星期二	2	Tuesday
4	Sun and Moon Day	明期四	星期三	3	Wednesday
5	Animals Day	明期五	星期四	4	Thursday
6	People Day	明期六	星期五	5	Friday
7 Jewish Sabbath	Complete / Peace (Shalom) Heavenly Peace (Tian'an)	明期天安	星期六	6	Saturday

天 and 天學 – Astronomy and Theology

天 A concept generally translated as "Heaven", referring either to the Tiānshū 天樞 ("Pivot of Heaven") as the precessional north celestial pole, or the natural laws which regulate earthly phenomena and generate beings as their progenitors. Science depends on assuming the uniformity of nature, which requires the premise of prime mover as explained in Aristotelian metaphysics.

天子 rules 天下 by virtue of 天命. But only while he is alive.

Chinese make the error - as do greeks, romans and other polytheists, of superstitiously regarding ancestors and mythic heros as the equivalent of Heaven within human society, and therefore as the means connecting back to Heaven which is the "utmost ancestral father" (曾祖父 zēngzǔfù). Chinese theology may be also called Tiānxué 天學 ("study of Heaven"), a term already in use in the 17th and 18th century.

皇天上帝 Huángtiān Shàngdì, "Highest Deity the Heavenly King" is one of the combinations is the name of God used at the Temple of Heaven in Beijing. Others are "Great Deity the Heavenly King" (天皇大帝 Tiānhuáng Dàdì) and "Supreme Deity of the Vast Heaven" (昊天上帝 Hàotiān Shàngdì).

四事五經 – Confucian classics

四事五經 ​

大學 by 子輿, disciple of 孔子. ​

大學之道，在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。知止而后有定，定而后能靜，靜而后能安，安而后能慮，慮而后能得。物有本末，事有終始，知所先後，則近道矣。 ​ What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence. The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end. Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.

The seems a clear analogy to Aristotle's system: that there exist final causes in nature, that every action or activity has an end, purpose, or final cause, that the end is the "first in order of intention and last in order of action", and that the cultivation of virtue is highest good for man, and therefore is or ought to be his chief end in moral (practical) reasoning; virtue ethics. The most concise statement of this system is in Son of David (Solomon) who states it beautifully in his Ecclesiastes, therefore Aristotle and Confucius are probably derivative, given that these both emerged shortly after the period of Babylonian captivity, when Solomon's philosophy was likely dispersed widely in the secular non-jewish community by Jeremiah, Daniel, Mordechai, Nehemiah, Ezra, and other scholars in the court of the Babylonian and Persian kings. The "Western world" and its academics and hierophants have generally not acknowleged this debt, due to christian antijudaism stemming from their doctrines of supercession and replacement of the Jews and abrogation of the Sinai covenant, and continuing in the enlightenment rationalists' translations of these doctrines into the discourses of "critical reason". Therefore Chinese should not seek to "westernize" in either the christian or the modernist sense. Rather, China should seek to "mid-westernize", which to westerners is to "mid-easternize".

中庸 Doctrine of the Mean

by Zisi, disciple of Zengzi, 孔子, c.f Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics Book II: That virtues of character can be described as means. The axis, the process, the sincere word. 孝, Filial piety to excess including Necromancy, which is probably why the "Doctrine of the Mean" was later rejected in toto by the #Xinhua revolutionaries, both nationalist and communist, which was unfortunate for China.

The Border sacrifice, later Temple of Heaven § Ceremony.

Mencius (book)

易經 and 风水

陰陽, 八卦 are all valuable concepts in cartography and orienteering, and for the martial and healing arts. They should be retained and analyzed. However the derivative system of 60 hexagrams is dubious, and Chinese divination is superstitious, like all forms of divination, and is forbidden for good reason by those who fear God.

风水: 天氣， 地氣，人氣, are the 三才 of the 三才圖會，which is one of the world's earliest encyclopedias.

Described in the 氣花論

氣功 and Healing Arts

內丹術 nèidān shù

Body becomes a cauldron (or "ding")

三寶 sānbǎo; 精氣神 jīng-qì-shén, 元氣

1. zhuji (築基) "laying the foundations"
2. lianjing huaqi (鍊精化氣) "refining essence into breath"
3. lianqi huashen (鍊氣化神) "refining breath into spirit"

Martial Arts and Military Strategy

八卦掌, Tai ji quan, Taizuquan, Tai Chi Classics

Lion dance, Dragon dance

孫子; 孙子; Sūnzǐ Sun Tzu 孫子兵法, Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ, The Art of War

諸葛亮 / 诸葛亮 Zhūgé Liàng (181 – c.September 234), courtesy name Kǒngmíng Thirty-Six Stratagems, and Mastering the Art of War, and innovated the use of a sky lantern for military signaling. Supposedly, his mastery of infantry and cavalry formation tactics, based on the Taoist classic I Ching, were unrivalled. His memorial, the Chu Shi Biao, written prior to the Northern Expeditions, provided a salutary reflection of his unwavering loyalty to the state of Shu.

五經:

Strive to be Junzi and not Xiaoren, Confucius say.

春秋

左傳 is a commentary, intercalated with the annals by Du Yu in 3rd century C.E.

• Legge, James (1872), The Ch'un Ts'ëw with The Tso Chuen, The Chinese Classics, Vol. V, Hong Kong: Lane, Crawford, & Co. (part 1 and part 2 at the Internet Archive; also with Pinyin transliterations here).

詩經 Poetry:

Classical Chinese poetry forms

平仄 píngzè

對聯 duìlián, antithetical couplet

詞 Cí also known as chángduǎnjù (長短句; 长短句; 'lines of irregular lengths') and shīyú (詩餘; 诗馀; 'the poetry besides Shi')

曲 qǔ

成語 User:Jaredscribe/Chengyu

剪紙, jiǎnzhǐ, Paper cutting

Fai chun

書法 shūfǎ, Chinese calligraphy

福, 壽, 囍

切韻 Qieyun, Fanqie

文房四寶: 筆、墨、紙、硯," (Pinyin: wén fáng sì bǎo: bǐ, mò, zhǐ, yàn) "The four jewels of the study: Brush, Ink, Paper, Inkstone)

Role and Virtue Ethics

Five Confucian Relationships, Role ethics

三綱五常 (綱常) (五倫; wǔlún)

What are the Five Constant Virtues? They are benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness. Benevolence means not being able to endure (seeing others suffer), loving others, and aiding all living things. Righteousness means doing what is proper. In making judgments one hits the mark. Propriety means to enact. That is, to realize the way and perfect the refined. Wisdom means knowledge. One has a special understanding and can know things before hearing about them. He is not befuddled by matters and can discern the subtle. Trustworthiness means sincerity. One cannot be deterred from his purpose. Therefore, people are born and respond to the Eight Trigrams, thereby obtaining the five energies (qi 氣) that are the Constant Virtues.

— Chapter 30 of Bai Hu Tong

Five Constants, Wǔcháng 五常:

• Rén (仁, benevolence, humaneness);
• Yì (义; 義, righteousness, justice);
• Lǐ (礼; 禮, propriety, rites);
• Zhì (智, wisdom, knowledge);
• Xìn (信, sincerity, faithfulness).
• These are accompanied by the classical Sìzì (四字), that singles out four virtues, one of which (Yì) is included among the Five Constants:
  • Zhōng (忠, loyalty);
  • Xiào (孝, filial piety);
  • Jié (节; 節, continence);
  • Yì (义; 義, righteousness).
    • There are still many other elements, such as chéng (诚; 誠, honesty),
    • shù (恕, kindness and forgiveness)
    • lián (廉, honesty and cleanness)
    • chǐ (耻; 恥, shame, judge and sense of right and wrong),
    • yǒng (勇, bravery)
    • wēn (温; 溫, kind and gentle)
    • liáng (良, good, kindhearted)
    • gōng (恭, respectful, reverent)
    • jiǎn (俭; 儉, frugal)
    • ràng (让; 讓, modestly, self-effacing)

漢字

漢字 are classified into 六書 liùshū, 'Six Writings' from the time of Xu Shen's second century dictionary Shuowen Jiezi.

• 象形字 xiàngxíngzì, form-imitation pictograms
• 指事字 zhǐshìzì, ideograms
• 會意字 huìyìzì, 'joined meaning' compound ideograms
• 形聲字 / 形声 字 xíngshēngzì, 'form and sound' phono-semantic compounds
• 假借字 jiǎjièzì, "false borrowing" rebus
• 轉注字 zhuǎnzhùzì, derivative cognates

List of Kangxi radicals in a font imitating the original character shapes of the Kangxi Dictionary.

Chinese character classification

部首; bùshǒu; 'section header' Radicals

214 康熙部首 Kāngxī bùshǒu

中国历史

三皇五帝, 夏朝, Mythological humans 伏羲. Cangjie the official historian of Huangdi.

Historical capitals of China

Neolithic signs in China

Chinese bronze inscriptions were usually written on the Chinese ritual bronzes. These Chinese ritual bronzes include Ding (鼎), Dui (敦), Gu (觚), Guang (觥), Gui (簋), Hu (壺), Jia (斝), Jue (爵), Yi (匜), You (卣), Zun (尊), and Yi (彝)

Seal script (Chinese: 篆書; pinyin: zhuànshū)

Clerical script (traditional Chinese: 隸書; simplified Chinese: 隶书; pinyin: lìshū)

商朝

 河南，安陽
 殷墟， 甲骨文

內經 周

漢 : New Text Confucianism

梁 :

秦

Qin Shi Huang first to use title 皇帝, which derives from 三皇五帝.

唐朝

China Manichaeism introduced. The 751 Nestorian Stele.

Sugawara no Michizane (845–903) the famous scholar, poet and politician of the Heian period, deified in Japanese Shinto as Tenjin.

The Kaifeng Jews form a community in Kaifeng, which becomes oldest Jewish community in China.

理學

明朝

Jesuit missionaries to China. Matteo Ricci worked with several Chinese elites, such as Xu Guangqi, in translating Euclid's Elements into Chinese as well as the Confucian classics into Latin. Creates the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu. The Jesuit Figurist intellectual movement viewed Fuxi as Enoch, the Biblical patriarch.

David Hume may have been influenced by Buddhist/Daoist/Confucian thought, brought back by Jesuits, subsequently the European Enlightenment.

Wang Yangming denied the rationalist dualism of the orthodox philosophy of Zhu Xi. Elaborates the 心學, School of heart, founded by Lu Jiuyuan (陸九淵, or Lu Xiangshan) of the Southern Song. This school championed an interpretation of Mencius, a Classical Confucian who became the focus of later interpretation, that unified knowledge with action.

Ming-Qing Transition 清朝

See below: Western and Anglo-American Imperialism Taiping Rebellion sets up Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan wants to convert China to syncretic Daoist-Confucian-Christian God Worshipping Society, which Hong presented as a restoration of the ancient Chinese faith in Shangdi. His theocratic and militaristic regime called for social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialization, suppression of private trade, and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion. Was admired later by Sun Yat Sen and Mao Zedong.

Jesuits & Chinese rites controversy

The Jesuits, the secularized mandarins, and eventually the Kangxi Emperor himself maintained that Chinese veneration of ancestors and Confucius were respectful but nonreligious rituals compatible with Christian doctrine; other orders pointed to the beliefs of the common people of China to show that it was impermissible idolatry and that the common Chinese names for God confused the Creator with His creation.

Acting on the complaint of the Bishop of Fujian, Pope Clement XI finally ended the dispute with a decisive ban in 1704; his papal legate Charles-Thomas Maillard De Tournon issued summary and automatic excommunication of any Christian permitting Confucian rituals as soon as word reached him in 1707.

By that time, however, Tournon and Bishop Maigrot had displayed such extreme ignorance in questioning before the throne that the Kangxi Emperor mandated the expulsion of Christian missionaries unable to abide by the terms of Ricci's Chinese catechism. Tournon's policies, confirmed by Clement's 1715 bull Ex Illa Die..., led to the swift collapse of all of the missions across China, with the last Jesuits—obliged to maintain allegiance to the papal rulings—finally being expelled after 1721. It was not until 1939 that the Catholic Church revisited its stance, with Pope Pius XII permitting some forms of Chinese customs; Vatican II later confirmed the new policy.

Protestant missions in China 1807–1953

Robert Morrison (missionary) of London Missionary Society makes a Chinese—English dictionary and translates bible in early 19th.

The Qing government code included a prohibition of "Wizards, Witches, and all Superstitions". The Jiaqing Emperor, in 1814, added a sixth clause with reference to Christianity, modified in 1821 and printed in 1826 by the Daoguang Emperor prohibiting missionaries and proselytes from spreading Christianity among Han Chinese and Manchus.

Hudson Taylor arrives 1854, sent by the Plymouth Brethren. Founds China Inland Mission / OMF International in London.

His successor Dixon Edward Hoste, expressed the self-governing principles of the Three-Self Church, articulating the goal of the China Inland Mission to establish an indigenous Chinese Church that was free from foreign control.

“ We wish to see churches and Christian Chinese presided over by pastors and officers of their own countrymen, worshipping the true God in the land of their fathers, in the costume of their fathers, in their own tongue wherein they were born, and in edifices of a thoroughly Chinese style of architecture. ” — J. Hudson Taylor,

After protestant leaders meet with Zhou Enlai, and agree to co-operate in support of PRC against foreign imperialism, the 1950 The Christian Manifesto rearticulates this three-self formula.

19th — Western and Anglo-American Imperialism, the Chinese century of humiliation

See also: Western imperialism in Asia

British drug dealers instigate the 1839-42 First Opium War in the name of "free trade". Unequal treaty 1844 Treaty of Wangxia between US-China. In effect until 1943 Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China.

followed by the 1856-60 Second Opium War. After western powers carve the nation in sphere of influences and set up China for a century of humiliation, the country predictably "closes" to the west and will naturally continue to resist Anglo-American hegemony and western liberal democracy.

After Taiping rebellion ends, the Qing undertake 1861-65 Self-Strengthening Movement. 1868 Burlingame-Seward treaty.

Anti-colonial Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901, US joined the powers in suppressing it. The Eight-Nation Alliance occupied the Beijing temple of heaven for a year? US Opposed spheres of influence by outside powers by promoting the Open Door Policy after 1900.

Xinhai Revolutionary Period

See also: User:Jaredscribe/Russia

The Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony. By giving German territory in China to Japan, the allies betrayed China, promoted Japanese imperialism, and created the conditions for WWII and for the Chinese Communist revolution. How many western nations have apologized for this? (The 1972 Okinawa Reversion Agreement is a repeat of this error.)

Ambassador Wellington Koo refused to sign the treaty. The May 4th movement protests went underway. There was immense dissatisfaction with Duan Qirui's government, which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns against the south.

Provisional President of the Republic of China 1 January 1912 - 10 March 1912, writer, physician, Kuomintang, Chinese Revolutionary Party, Chinese United League, Revive China Society. Battles: * Xinhai Revolution * Second Revolution * Constitutional Protection Movement * Guangdong-Guangxi War * Warlord Era

Tongmenghui led by Sun-yat Sen, expounds 三民主義, to replace zhongyong. Duan Qirui supports Yuan Shikai in forcing the emporer to abdicate after the Wuchang Uprising.

1915 Chen Duxiu leads anti-Confucian chinese iconoclasm with the New Culture Movement. New Youth magazine. Lu Xun writes The True Story of Ah Q, founding member of League of Left-Wing Writers, later expelled as a reactionary.

Both Lu Xun and Mao Zedong rejected the Zhongyong as preventing progress modernization. Mao comments on Ai Siqi's analysis: it simultaneously opposes the abolishment of exploitation and excessive exploitation. According to Mao, Doctrine of the Mean failed to realize that something deserves absolute negation, and in compromise, it prevented China from progress. IMHO, the Confucian virtue ethics can and should be retained, but without the excessive 孝, Filial piety. Stop the Necromancy and the superstitious ritual practice at ancestral shrines.

The 4 May Incident and Movement which followed "catalyzed the political awakening of a society which had long seemed inert and dormant". It was primarily nationalist, protesting concessions to Japan in the Treaty of Versailles.

Afterward, "[t]o become a Marxist was one way for a Chinese intellectual to reject both the traditions of the Chinese past and Western domination of the Chinese present".

Sun Yat-sen and Mao Zedong viewed the Taiping as heroic revolutionaries against a corrupt feudal system.

Sun in 1894 forms Xingzhonghui (Revive China Society, 興中會), promulgates Three Principles of the People (三民主義), crediting a line to Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, "government of the people, by the people, for the people".

Sun (second from left) and his friends the Four Bandits: Yeung Hok-ling (left), Chan Siu-bak (middle), Yau Lit (right), and Guan Jingliang (關景良, standing) at the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, circa 1888

Watchman Nee is a leading preacher in the decentralized christian Local churches (affiliation). Learning from the seven churches of Asia, there is one church per city, and no denominations. Many of his ideas, including plural eldership and disavowal of a clergy-laity distinction, derived from scriptural interpretations of the Plymouth Brethren.

Republic of China (1912–1949) and Civil War

Nationalism and Communism

See also: User:Jaredscribe/Russia

Constitution of the Republic of China adds to the three branch system of Montesquieu to five branches, including Control Yuan and the Examination Yuan which come from Chinese tradition.

The Principle of Mínshēng (民生主義, Mínshēng Zhǔyì) "the People's welfare/livelihood," "Government for the People" or "Kuomintang Socialism".

The Age of Openness? in Frank Dikotter western opinion. And overall was that a good thing?

Republic of China signs 1937 Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, fights with allies in 1937-45 Second Sino-Japanese War.

Chinese civil war 1949—present

between CCP who take the mainland china and declare the People's Republic of China (PRC), and the Kuomingtang who take Taiwan and declare the Republic of China (ROC).

1952 Treaty of Taipei ends the Second Sino-Japanese War (WWII), roughly corresponding to the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco.

Sino-Soviet split followed the De-Stalinization of the USSR during Kruschev's thaw, with Maoist CCP claiming to truly represent the legacy of Stalin.

Three Arrows through a red flag of Marx, Engels, and Lenin. De-Leninization.

1964-75 Little Red Book distributed. Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung

The cultural revolution begins with red august massacres, CCP in 1981 acknowledges it as error.

Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party

Mao Zedong's cult of personality opposed by Mao himself, abandoned and forbade by Deng Xiaoping during the period of Boluan Fanzheng. post 2012 it has been revived by Xi Jinping.

Deng Xiaoping Theory: "Reform and Opening", Seek truth from facts, Four Cardinal Principles

1978 Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Martial law in Taiwan ends after the 1987 Lieyu massacre

After Qigong boom of the 80's, 法輪大法 emerges in early 90's.

Three Represents is the theory of Jiang Zemin.

Hu-Wen Administration's Scientific Outlook on Development

Xi Jinping Thought promotes Core Socialist Values, Xi Jinping's cult of personality

De-Leninization is the answer to Maoist sub-variant of Marxist-Leninism, along with belated De-Stalinization.

De-Maoification?

China bans Heterodox teachings (Chinese law).

In 1999, the Chinese government instituted a systematic crackdown on qigong organizations that were perceived to challenge state control, including prohibiting mass qigong practice, shutdown of qigong clinics and hospitals, and banning groups such as Zhong Gong and Falun Dafa. From exile in NYC, Li Hongzhi launches New Tang Dynasty Television Epoch Times, Shen Yun dance troupe.

2020 Politburo reorients economy withe Domestic-international Dual circulation policy.

Foreign policies and Diplomatic Relations

1952 Treaty of Taipei ends the Second Sino-Japanese War (WWII), roughly corresponding to the 1951 Treaty of San Francisco.

Sino-Soviet split followed the De-Stalinization of the USSR during Kruschev's thaw, with Maoist CCP claiming to truly represent the legacy of Stalin.

China—UK relations, Taiwan—UK relations

China-Israel relations

China-India relations

Confucius Institute partnership with foreign universities.

China—United States relations and cold war, Taiwan—US relations and cold peace

Tariff of 1789 § Poundage duties on imports from India and China

Foreign relations of Taiwan#Relations switched from the ROC to the PRC.

Political status of Taiwan

The 1972 Okinawa Reversion Agreement is a repeat of the US-allied error in the treaty of Versailles. US should have given the Ryukyu Islands, at least those south of Okinawa to the ROC in exchange for democratic reforms by the Guomingtang. Predicatably, the PRC claims the Senkaku Islands and we have the Senkaku islands dispute.

President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China, every president except Carter has visited since then. Sino-American tensions since 1991. Obama's Asia pivot strategy. Trump administration foreign policy launched a trade war against China, designating it as currency manipulator, alleging Chinese espionage in the United States.

1979 Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with PRC, followed by the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA), which allows the United States to have relations with the "people on Taiwan" and their government, whose name is not specified, until March 16, 2018. U.S.–Taiwan relations were further informally grounded in the "Six Assurances" in response to the third communiqué on the establishment of US–PRC relations. The policy of deliberate ambiguity of US foreign policy to Taiwan is important to stabilize cross-strait relations.

1992 Consensus between CCP and the Guomintang, both agreeing on One China policy (as the US still does) but disagreeing on who is the legitimate government of it. 1993 Wang-Koo summit, some follow up meetings up to 1998 between Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) chairman Wang Daohan and Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) chairman Koo Chen-fu.

Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 1995-6

KMT pres Lee Teng-hui proposes Special state-to-state relations.

1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration on 1997 Handover of Hong Kong

1986 founded Democratic Progressive Party, Chen Shui-Bian gains presidency 2000-8.

Taiwan Travel Act by U.S. Congress, March 16, 2018. Both sides have since signed a consular agreement formalizing their existent consular relations on September 13, 2019. The United States removed self-imposed restrictions on executive branch contacts with Taiwan on January 9, 2021.

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea

Philippines v. China, Spratly islands, Pratas/Dongsha atoll

Salami slicing strategy / cabbage wrapping

The Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration focuses on China's treatment of Hong Kong, its threats against Taiwan, the Uyghur genocide, and cyberwarfare by China. In response, China has adopted "wolf warrior diplomacy". On 2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan, she affirms "One China policy".

2021—present Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis

2023 China balloon incident, probably PRC sending a 天燈 for the Lantern Festival

Chinese in America

History of Chinese Americans. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

Anti-Chinese violence in California, Anti-Chinese violence in Oregon, and Anti-Chinese violence in Washington.

Chinatowns in the United States

Chinese Baptist Church

Lan Su Garden

Portland Chinatown, Portland Chinatown Museum

Lan Su Garden

圣经汉语译本

KJV/HGB Interlinear

See also: Christianity in China, Protestant missions in China 1807–1953.

Technology

Intelligent Input Bus fixes problems of Smart Common Input Method, plugins ibus-libpinyin, ibus-cangjie

Cang jie input methodTo type tones in pinyin, use AltGr key with Accented_Characters, Compose key#Common compose combinations

mācron Alt-Shift-3

acúte Alt+'

gràve Alt+`

circǒnflex Alt+Shift+>

Or install ibus-m17n and select Chinese – hanyu pinyin (m17n) as input method in keyboard settings.

References

• Yang, Jwing-Ming (1989). The Root of Chinese QiGong. YMAA.
• Spence, Jonathan D. (2013). The Search for Modern China (Third ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-393-93451-9. Modernist bias, Spence apparently believes that liberal democracy is the end of history.
• C.f. List of sinologists
• Park, Peter K. J. (2013-03-11). Africa, Asia, and the History of Philosophy: Racism in the Formation of the Philosophical Canon, 1780–1830. SUNY Press.
• ?? Kang, C. H. (1979). The discovery of Genesis : how the truths of Genesis were found hidden in the Chinese language. Ethel R. Nelson. St. Louis: Concordia Pub. House. ISBN 0-570-03792-1. OCLC 4883175.