Calcium perchlorate

Calcium perchlorate
Names
	IUPAC name Calcium perchlorate
	Other names Calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate, Calcium diperchlorate, Perchloric acid calcium salt (2:1), Calcium perchlorate, hydrated
Identifiers
CAS Number	13477-36-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	55537;
ECHA InfoCard	100.033.411
EC Number	236-768-0;
PubChem CID	61629;
UNII	8249MC3K19 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20890703 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Ca.2ClHO4/c;22-1(3,4)5/h;2(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2 Key: ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-UHFFFAOYSA-L; InChI=1/Ca.2ClHO4/c;22-1(3,4)5/h;2(H,2,3,4,5)/q+2;;/p-2 Key: ZQAOXERLHGRFIC-NUQVWONBAO;
	SMILES [Ca+2].O=Cl(=O)(=O)[O-].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O;
Properties
Chemical formula	Ca(ClO4)2
Molar mass	238.9792 g/mol
Appearance	White to yellow crystalline solid
Density	2.651 g/cm3
Melting point	270 °C (518 °F; 543 K)
Solubility in water	188.7 g/100 g
Solubility in acetone	61.76 g/100 g
Solubility in ethyl acetate	113.5 g/100 g
Solubility in ethanol	166.2 g/100 g
Solubility in ethyl ether	0.26 g/100 g
Solubility in methanol	237.4 g/100 g
Hazards
	Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	oxidiser
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H271
Precautionary statements	P210, P220, P221, P280, P283, P306+P360, P370+P378, P371+P380+P375, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1 OX
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Calcium perchlorate is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula Ca(ClO₄)₂. It is an inorganic compound that is a yellow-white crystalline solid in appearance. As a strong oxidizing agent, it reacts with reducing agents when heated to generate heat and products that may be gaseous (which will cause pressurization in closed containers). Calcium perchlorate has been categorized as having explosive reactivity. Ca(ClO₄)₂ is a common chemical on the soil of planet Mars, counting for almost 1% of the Martian dust, by weight.

Properties

Calcium perchlorate is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent, enhancing the combustion of other substances that can potentially lead to explosion. The perchlorate ion, ClO−4, has a highly symmetrical tetrahedral structure that is strongly stabilized in solution by its low electron-donating proton-accepting power and its relatively low polarizability.

Eutectic system

Calcium perchlorate solution forms a simple eutectic system. The eutectic composition of the calcium perchlorate solution is 4.2 mol / 1000 g H₂O, very similar to the composition of closely related metal cation perchlorates of strontium and barium.^[3]^[4]

Occurrences

Electrolyte conductance

Electrolyte conductance of Ca(ClO₄)₂ and double charged metal cations in the organic solvent acetonitrile has been tested.^[5] The interest in metal cation perchlorate interactions with photosensitive ligands has increased due to the development of highly specific fluorescence indicators.

Production

Perchlorate salts are the product of a base and perchloric acid. Calcium perchlorate can be prepared through the heating of a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium carbonate forms in the gaseous state, leaving behind a calcium perchlorate solid.^[6]^[7]

Reactions

Water

Being very hygroscopic, calcium perchlorate is commonly seen in the presence of four water molecules, referred to as calcium perchlorate tetrahydrate Ca(ClO₄)₂·4H₂O.^[1]

Cyclic hydrogenphosphonates

A hybrid organic-inorganic molecule is formed using dioxazaphosphocanes, eight-membered cyclic hydrogenphosphonates and calcium. Calcium from the calcium perchlorate contributes to the structural integrity of the oligomeric molecule; the four calcium ions are bridged between four dioxazaphosphocane moieties.^[8]

Human toxicity

Calcium perchlorate is slightly toxic to humans, by ingestion or inhalation of dust particles, or (less so) by skin contact.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds", CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97 ed.), Taylor and Francis Group, p. 4-54, 2016, retrieved June 4, 2023
^ AMCP 706-187 Military Pyrotechnics - Properties of Materials. US Army Materiel Command. October 1963. p. 78.
^ Marion, G.M.; Catling, D.C.; Zahnle, K.J.; Claire, M.W. (June 2010). "Modeling aqueous perchlorate chemistries with applications to Mars" (PDF). Icarus. 207 (2): 675–685. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.003. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
^ Pestova, O. N.; Myund, L. A.; Khripun, M. K.; Prigaro, A. V. (2005), "Polythermal Study of the Systems M(ClO₄)₂–H₂O (M²⁺ = Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺)", Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 78 (3): 409–413, doi:10.1007/s11167-005-0306-z, S2CID 95464181
^ Kalugin, Oleg N.; Agieienko, Vira N.; Otroshko, Natalya A. (January 2012), "Ion association and solvation in solutions of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and Ni²⁺ perchlorates in acetonitrile: Conductometric study", Journal of Molecular Liquids, 165: 78–86, doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2011.10.012
^ "Calcium Perchlorate", ChemicalBook, retrieved October 25, 2012
^ "Perchlorates", Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates, Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab, archived from the original on March 12, 2005, retrieved June 4, 2023
^ Sutra, Elsa; Lamandé, Lydia; Gornitzka, Heinz; Bellan, Jacques (2002), "A New Oligomeric Complex of Cyclic Hydrogenphosphonates with Calcium Perchlorate", European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2002 (10): 2727–2729, doi:10.1002/1099-0682(200210)2002:10<2727::AID-EJIC2727>3.0.CO;2-D
^ "Calcium Perchlorate", Cameo Chemicals, Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service, retrieved October 25, 2012

[RubberBible-1] "Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds", CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97 ed.), Taylor and Francis Group, p. 4-54, 2016, retrieved June 4, 2023

[AMCP-2] AMCP 706-187 Military Pyrotechnics - Properties of Materials. US Army Materiel Command. October 1963. p. 78.

[3] Marion, G.M.; Catling, D.C.; Zahnle, K.J.; Claire, M.W. (June 2010). "Modeling aqueous perchlorate chemistries with applications to Mars" (PDF). Icarus. 207 (2): 675–685. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.12.003. Retrieved 5 November 2022.

[PolyTherm-4] Pestova, O. N.; Myund, L. A.; Khripun, M. K.; Prigaro, A. V. (2005), "Polythermal Study of the Systems M(ClO₄)₂–H₂O (M²⁺ = Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺)", Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 78 (3): 409–413, doi:10.1007/s11167-005-0306-z, S2CID 95464181

[IonAss-5] Kalugin, Oleg N.; Agieienko, Vira N.; Otroshko, Natalya A. (January 2012), "Ion association and solvation in solutions of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ and Ni²⁺ perchlorates in acetonitrile: Conductometric study", Journal of Molecular Liquids, 165: 78–86, doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2011.10.012

[ChemB-6] "Calcium Perchlorate", ChemicalBook, retrieved October 25, 2012

[MegaloM-7] "Perchlorates", Megalomania's Method of Making Perchlorates, Megalomania's Controversial Chem Lab, archived from the original on March 12, 2005, retrieved June 4, 2023

[CyclHP-8] Sutra, Elsa; Lamandé, Lydia; Gornitzka, Heinz; Bellan, Jacques (2002), "A New Oligomeric Complex of Cyclic Hydrogenphosphonates with Calcium Perchlorate", European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2002 (10): 2727–2729, doi:10.1002/1099-0682(200210)2002:10<2727::AID-EJIC2727>3.0.CO;2-D

[Cameo-9] "Calcium Perchlorate", Cameo Chemicals, Office of Response and Restoration, National Ocean Service, retrieved October 25, 2012

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