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User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Awan dynasty

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Dynasty of Awan
Dynasty
CountryElam
Current regionIranian plateau
Place of originAwan
Foundedc. 2600 BCE (c. 2600 BCE)
FounderUnknown
Dissolutionc. 2100 BCE (c. 2100 BCE)
Depositionc. 2450 BCE (c. 2450 BCE)

Early Dynastic period

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See also: Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

According to the Sumerian King List (SKL): a dynasty from Awan exerted hegemony in Sumer after defeating the first dynasty of Ur.[1] It mentions three Awanite kings, who supposedly reigned for a total of 356 years.[2] Their names have not survived on the extant copies, apart from the partial name of the third king, "Ku-ul...", who it says ruled for 36 years.[3] A separate regnal list discovered in Susa names an additional twelve Elamite rulers beside the three on the SKL: Peli, Tata, Ukku-Tanhish, Hishutash, Shushun-Tarana, Napi-Ilhush, Kikkutanteimti, Luh-ishan, Hishep-Ratep, Helu, Khita, and Puzur-Inshushinak.[4][5][6] Some have suggested that the first three on the Susanian dynastic list may have been the same three on the SKL said to have ruled over both Elam and Sumer.[7]

The dynasty of Awan was the first from Elam of which anything is known today. The dynasty corresponds to the Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1600 BCE). Awan was a city-state or possibly a region of Elam with an uncertain location, but it has been variously conjectured to have been in the: Khuzestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, and/or Fars provinces of Iran.[8][9][10] This dynasty may have exerted hegemony in Sumer after defeating Ur at some point c. 2600 – c. 2400 BCE, and may have continued ruling independently over Elam from Awan up until c. 2220 – c. 2100 BCE after losing the hegemony.[8][7][11][3] This information is not considered reliable, but it does suggest that Awan had political importance in the 3rd millennium BCE.

As there are very few other sources for this period, most of these names are not certain. Little more of these rulers' reigns is known, but the Elamites were likely major rivals of neighboring Sumer from remotest antiquity; they were said to have been defeated by Enmebaragesi, who is the earliest archaeologically attested Sumerian king, as well as by a later monarch, Enannatum I.[12] It is also known that the Elamites carried out incursions into Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder.[13]

Akkadian period

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See also: Akkadian Period

Luh-ishan (r. c. 2350 – c. 2331, c. 2350 – c. 2320 BCE) is the eighth ruler on the Susanian dynastic list, while his father's name "Hishiprashini" is a variant of that of the ninth listed ruler, Hishepratep—indicating either a different individual or (if the same)—that the order of rulers on the Susanian dynastic list has been jumbled.[14][11][3][7][15][16] Events become a little clearer at the time of the Akkadian empire, when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the Iranian plateau. Luh-ishan was a vassal of Sargon of Akkad around the time that Sargon boasted of defeating Luh-ishan.[15][17] Sargon's son and successor (Rimush) is said to have conquered Elam, defeating its king named Emahsini.[18] Khita may have signed a peace treaty with Naram-Suen of Akkad c. 2280 BCE.[19]

After the death of Emahsini, Elam became a vassal state ruled by several Akkadian governors. Among these governors were: Eshpum, Epirmupi, and Ili-ishmani.[20] The last two ruled with both the Sumerian title for governor and the Akkadian title for military governor. They r. c. 2300 – c. 2153, c. 2270 – c. 2154 BCE.

Gutian period

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See also: Gutian period

When the Akkadian empire started to break down around 2240 BC, it was Kutik-Inshushinak (or Puzur-Inshushinak), the governor of Susa on behalf of Akkad, who liberated Awan and Elam, ascending to the throne.

By this time, Susa had started to gain influence in Elam (later, Elam would be called Susiana), and the city began to be filled with temples and monuments. Kutik-Inshushinak next defeated Kimash and Hurtum (neighboring towns rebelling against him), destroying 70 cities in a day. Next he established his position as king, defeating all his rivals and taking Anshan, the capital. Not content with this, he launched a campaign of devastation throughout northern Sumer, seizing such important cities as Eshnunna. When he finally conquered Akkad he was declared king of the four quarters, owner of the known world. Later, Ur-Nammu of Ur, founder of the 3rd dynasty of Ur defeated Elam, ending the dynasty of Awan.

Kutik-Inshushinak's work was not only as a conqueror; he created Elam's organization and the administrative structure. He extended the temple of Inshushinak, where he erected a statue of her.

After his defeat, the Awan dynasty disappears from history, probably cut down by the Guti or Lullubi tribes that then sowed disorder in Mesopotamia and the Zagros, and Elam was left in the hands of the Shimashki dynasty.

The toponym "Awan" only occurs once more following the reign of Kutik-Inshushinak, in a year-name of Ibbi-Sin of Ur. The name Anshan, on the other hand, which only occurs once before this time (in an inscription of Manishtushu), becomes increasingly more commonplace beginning with king Gudea of Lagash, who claimed to have conquered it around the same time. It has accordingly been conjectured that Anshan not only replaced Awan as one of the major divisions of Elam, but that it also included the same territory.[21]

List of Awanite kings

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# Depiction or inscription Ruler Reigned from Reigned until Succession and death Notes and references
Old Elamite period (c. 2700 – c. 1500 BC)
Awan dynasty (r. c. 2600 – c. 2100 BC)

  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumerian title for king
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumerian title for governor
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumerian title shakkanakku (military governor)

1st Unknown c. 2550 BC Uncertain Unclear succession [a]
2nd [...]-Lu Uncertain Unclear succession [b]
3rd Kul[...] Uncertain
(36 years) 		Unclear succession [c]
1st Peli c. 2450 BC Uncertain Unclear succession [d]
2nd Tata Uncertain Unclear succession [e]
3rd Ukku-Takhesh Uncertain Unclear succession [f]
4th Hishur Uncertain Unclear succession [g]
5th Shushun-Tarana Uncertain Unclear succession [h]
6th Napil-Khush Uncertain Unclear succession [i]
7th Kikkutanteimti Uncertain Unclear succession [j]
8th Hishep-Ratep Uncertain He may have been the father or son of his successor [k]
9th   Luh-ishan Uncertain c. 2325 BC He may have been the father or son of his predecessor
Died c. 2325 BC 		[l]
10th Helu c. 2300 BC c. 2280 BC Unclear succession [m]
11th   Khita c. 2280 BC c. 2250 BC Unclear succession [n]
12th   Puzur-Inshushinak c. 2100 BC Unclear succession [o]
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See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ This unknown person is said on the Sumerian king list (SKL) to have ruled as a king (Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal) of both Awan (Sumerian: 𒀀𒉿𒀭𒆠, romanized: Awan; transliterated: Sumerian: a.wa.anki) and Sumer (Jacobsen 1939a, pp. 94–95; Jacobsen 1939b; Lendering 2006; Langdon 1923; Hansman 1985; Stolper 1987; Vallat 2011; Gershevitch 1985, p. 25–26; Kessler 2021; Legrain 1922; Hinz 2009; Majidzadeh 2008; Majidzadeh 1997; Cameron 2008).
  2. ^ [...]-Lu is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer (Jacobsen 1939a, pp. 94–95; Jacobsen 1939b; Lendering 2006; Langdon 1923; Hansman 1985; Stolper 1987; Vallat 2011; Gershevitch 1985, p. 25–26; Kessler 2021; Legrain 1922; Hinz 2009; Majidzadeh 2008; Majidzadeh 1997; Cameron 2008).
  3. ^ Kul[...] (Sumerian: 𒆪𒌌, romanized: Kul[...]; transliterated: ku.ul) is also said on the SKL to have ruled as a king of both Awan and Sumer (Jacobsen 1939a, pp. 94–95; Jacobsen 1939b; Lendering 2006; Langdon 1923; Hansman 1985; Stolper 1987; Vallat 2011; Gershevitch 1985, p. 25–26; Kessler 2021; Legrain 1922; Hinz 2009; Majidzadeh 2008; Majidzadeh 1997; Cameron 2008).
  4. ^ Peli is said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  5. ^ Tata is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  6. ^ Ukku-Takhesh is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  7. ^ Hishur is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  8. ^ Shushun-Tarana is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  9. ^ Napil-Khush is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  10. ^ Kikkutanteimti is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  11. ^ Hishep-Ratep is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Potts 1999, p. 82; Kessler 2021).
  12. ^ Luh-ishan (Sumerian: 𒇻𒄴𒄭 𒅖𒊮𒀭, romanized: Luhhiššan; transliterated: lu.uḥ.ḥi iš.ša.an) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan. He also ruled as a king of Elam temp. Sargon of Akkad (Scheil 1931; Hansman 1985; Stolper 1987; Vallat 2011; Frayne 2016, p. 22; [15]; Potts 1999, p. 82; Kessler 2021; Legrain 1922; Hinz 2009; Majidzadeh 2008; Majidzadeh 1997).
  13. ^ Helu is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Kessler 2021).
  14. ^ Khita (Sumerian: 𒄭𒋫𒀀, romanized: Ḥita; transliterated: [ḥi.ta.a] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Transliteration}}: missing language / script code (help): transliteration text not Latin script (pos 94) (help)) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Leick 2001, p. 70; Kessler 2021).
  15. ^ Puzur-Inshushinak (Linear Elamite:  ; Sumerian: 𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞, romanized: Puzur-Inšušinak; transliterated: pu.zu.r₄d šu.ši.na.k) is also said on the Susanian king list to have ruled as a king of Awan (Scheil 1931; Stolper 1987; Hansman 1985; Kessler 2021).

Citations

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  1. ^ Kriwaczek 2012, p. 136: "Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."
  2. ^ Legrain 1922, pp. 10–22.
  3. ^ a b c Stolper 1987.
  4. ^ Hinz 2009.
  5. ^ Cameron 2008.
  6. ^ Vallat 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Academia.edu 2021e.
  8. ^ a b Gershevitch 1985, p. 25–26.
  9. ^ Liverani 2013, p. 142.
  10. ^ Hansen & Ehrenberg 2002, p. 233.
  11. ^ a b Hansman 1985.
  12. ^ Jacobsen 1939a, p. 82–85.
  13. ^ Kramer 1963, p. 331.
  14. ^ Scheil 1931.
  15. ^ a b c Leick 2001, p. 99.
  16. ^ Potts 1999, p. 82.
  17. ^ Frayne 2016, p. 22.
  18. ^ Potts 1999, p. 105.
  19. ^ Leick 2001, p. 70.
  20. ^ Potts 1999, p. 100–106.
  21. ^ see Hansman; Encyclopedia Iranica, "Anshan".

Sources

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Bibliography

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