User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Elam (region)

Geography of Elam

A map of the Ancient Near East detailing the extent of Elam (in orange); also, the locations of three sites: Awan, Anshan, and Susa inhabited c. 4395 BCE – c. 222 CE by the Elamites.
Anshan Awan? Shimashki? Susa Urua class=notpageimage| A clickable map of the Islamic Republic of Iran detailing important archaeological sites that were occupied by the Elamites.
Continent	Asia
Region	Iranian plateau
Coordinates	30°N 52°E
Area
• Total	342,139 km2 (132,101 sq mi)
Terrain	Zagros Mountains forest steppe

Elam was an ancient region spanning across what has been variously conjectured to have been located spanning across what would today be known as the Iranian provinces of: Khuzestan, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Ilam, and/or Fars.. The modern name Elam stems from the Sumerian transliteration elam(a), along with the later Akkadian elamtu, and the Elamite haltamti. Elamite states were among the leading political forces of the Ancient Near East. In classical literature, Elam was also known as Susiana, a name derived from its capital Susa.

Elam was part of the early urbanization of the Near East during the Chalcolithic period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels Sumerian history, where slightly earlier records have been found. In the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age), Elam consisted of kingdoms on the Iranian plateau, centered in Anshan, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role during the Persian Achaemenid dynasty that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a language isolate unrelated to any other languages. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matches, some historians argue that the Elamites comprise a large portion of the ancestors of the modern day Lurs whose language, Luri, split from Middle Persian.

The Elamite language endonym of Elam as a country appears to have been Hatamti. Exonyms included the Sumerian names NIM.MA^ki𒉏𒈠𒆠 and ELAM, the Akkadian Elamû (masculine/neuter) and Elamītu (feminine) meant "resident of Susiana, Elamite". In prehistory, Elam was centered primarily in modern Khuzestān and Ilam.

In geographical terms, Susiana basically represents the Iranian province of Khuzestan around the river Karun. In ancient times, several names were used to describe this area. The ancient geographer Ptolemy was the earliest to call the area Susiana, referring to the country around Susa. Another ancient geographer, Strabo, viewed Elam and Susiana as two different geographic regions. He referred to Elam ("land of the Elymaei") as primarily the highland area of Khuzestan. Some ancient sources draw a distinction between Elam as the highland area of Khuzestan, and Susiana as the lowland area. Yet in other ancient sources 'Elam' and 'Susiana' seem equivalent.

The uncertainty in this area extends also to modern scholarship. Since the discovery of ancient Anshan, and the realization of its great importance in Elamite history, the definitions were changed again. Some modern scholars argued that the center of Elam lay at Anshan and in the highlands around it, and not at Susa in lowland Khuzistan. Disagreements over the location also exist in the Jewish historical sources says Daniel T. Potts. Potts disagrees suggesting that the term 'Elam' was primarily constructed by the Mesopotamians to describe the area in general terms, without referring specifically either to the lowlanders or the highlanders.

References

Sources

Bibliography

• Gershevitch, I. (1985-06-06) [1968]. The Median and Achaemenian periods. The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press (published 1968–2008). ISBN 9780521200912.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Hansen, D.; Ehrenberg, E. (2002). Leaving No Stones Unturned: Essays on the Ancient Near East and Egypt in Honor of Donald P. Hansen. ISBN 9781575060552. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
• Hansman, J. (1985-12-15). "Anshan". Encyclopædia Iranica. 1. Vol. II. pp. 103–107.
• Liverani, M. (2013-12-04). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. ISBN 9781134750849.
• Stolper, M. (1987-12-15). "AWAN". Encyclopædia Iranica. 2. Vol. III (published 1987–2011). pp. 113–114.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
• Vallat, F. (2011-12-13) [1998]. "ELAM i. The history of Elam". Encyclopædia Iranica. 3. Vol. VIII (published 1998–2011). pp. 301–313.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Journals

External links

Further reading

Geography

Language

• Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc. Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). "ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature". Faculty of Oriental Studies (revised ed.). United Kingdom. Retrieved 2022-09-23. The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a project of the University of Oxford, comprises a selection of nearly 400 literary compositions recorded on sources which come from ancient Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and date to the late third and early second millennia BCE.
• Renn, Jürgen; Dahl, Jacob L.; Lafont, Bertrand; Pagé-Perron, Émilie (2022) [1998]. "CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative" (published 1998–2022). Retrieved 2022-09-23. Images presented online by the research project Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) are for the non-commercial use of students, scholars, and the public. Support for the project has been generously provided by the Mellon Foundation, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), the Institute of Museum and Library Services (ILMS), and by the Max Planck Society (MPS), Oxford and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); network services are from UCLA's Center for Digital Humanities.
• Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2022) [2003]. "PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary" (published 2003–2022). Retrieved 2022-09-23. The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) is carried out in the Babylonian Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. It is funded by the NEH and private contributions. [They] work with several other projects in the development of tools and corpora. [Two] of these have useful websites: the CDLI and the ETCSL.