User:Steven Crossin/Mediation/Prem Rawat/Proposal7

This discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
This page is for proposals related to the Prem Rawat. User should: Add their proposed wording to a new section Not sign their section with the standard ~~~~ Not comment on other sections, this will be done at the discussion page Not change the wording of drafts, they should add a new draft with the changed wording Draft 1 The first part would be inserted after the second sentence of the first section, "Childhood". The second part would be inserted after the third paragraph of "Coming of age". The first sentence of "Aviation interests" is moved here, and would be deleted from that section. Prem Rawat had a wealthy, high caste father[Moritz][McKean] and was born into luxury.[Downton 1979][Larson] There is a tradition in India of supporting gurus in luxury. [?] In the 1970s Rawat become known for what one scholar called "ostentatious opulence".[Hunt][Levine 1989] Press reports listed expensive automobiles such as Rolls Royces (one of them a gift from followers), Mercedes Benzes (including a 600 limousine [Morgan 1973]), a Jensen convertible, and a Maserati (a wedding gift) plus motorcycles. Some of these were reportedly bought tax-free due to the DLM's status as a church.[AP] When asked at a press conference Rawat said that "If I gave poor people my Rolls-Royce, they would need more tomorrow and I don't have any more Rolls-Royces to give them." Two Cessna airplanes were obtained for Rawat's use and he got his pilot's license in 1973. He later piloted private jets, including a Boeing 707 and a Gulfstream GV-SP, after obtaining an Airline Transport Pilot License and type ratings for a number of multi-engined aircraft and helicopters.[5] He was reported to have homes in London, New York, Colorado, California and India.[Morgan 1973][Moritz 1974] When asked Rawat said, "That life that you call luxurious ain't luxurious at all, because if any other person gets the same life I get, he's gonna blow apart in a million pieces in a split of a second." [Levine 1974] Sources close to his mother said that his materialistic lifestyle was one of the reasons she disowned him.[AP] A follower told a reporter that Rawat fired a pistol at prized vases in the backyard to "to teach us the worthlessness of material possessions."[Levine 1974] A spokesman said, "He isn't saying, abandon the material world. He's saying it is our attachment to it that is wrong."[Newsweek 1973] Draft 2 The first part would be inserted after the second sentence of the first section, "Childhood". The second part would be inserted after the third paragraph of "Coming of age". The first sentence of "Aviation interests" is moved here, and would be deleted from that section. Prem Rawat had a wealthy, high caste father[Moritz][McKean] and was born into luxury.[Downton 1979][Larson] There is a tradition in India of supporting gurus in luxury. [?] In the 1970s Rawat become known for what one scholar called "ostentatious opulence".[Hunt][Levine 1989] Press reports listed expensive automobiles such as Rolls Royces (one of them a gift from followers), Mercedes Benzes (including a 600 limousine [Morgan 1973]), a Jensen convertible, and a Maserati (a wedding gift) plus motorcycles. Some of these were reportedly bought tax-free due to the DLM's status as a church.[AP] Two Cessna airplanes were obtained for Rawat's use and he got his pilot's license in 1973. He later piloted private jets, including a Boeing 707 and a Gulfstream GV-SP, after obtaining an Airline Transport Pilot License and type ratings for a number of multi-engined aircraft and helicopters.[6] He was reported to have homes in London, New York, Colorado, California and India.[Morgan 1973][Moritz 1974] Sources close to his mother said that his materialistic lifestyle was one of the reasons she disowned him.[AP] Draft 3 The first part would be inserted after the second sentence of the first section, "Childhood". The second part would be inserted after the third paragraph of "Coming of age". The first sentence of "Aviation interests" is moved here, and would be deleted from that section. The sentence about the watch would be deleted. The quotation from Hunt in the third paragraph of the "Westernization" section would be deleted/remainder moved. Prem Rawat had a wealthy, high caste father and was born into luxury. There is a tradition in India of supporting gurus in luxury. A source of considerable controversy in the 1970s was Rawat's lavish lifestyle, which continued even during the DLM's finacial difficulties. Press reports listed expensive automobiles such as Rolls Royces, Mercedes Benz limousines and sports cars, some of them gifts. Some of the vehicles were reportedly bought tax-free due to the DLM's status as a church. Rawat took flying lessons begining when he was 13. Two Cessna airplanes were obtained for his use. He later piloted private jets, including a Boeing 707 and a Gulfstream V, after obtaining an Airline Transport Pilot License and type ratings for multi-engined aircraft and helicopters. He was reported to have homes in London, New York, Colorado, California and India. When asked why he did not give his Rolls to the poor he explained that he only had one and once it was given he would have no more Rolls to give, and that what he gave was more valuable than money. Followers said that the messiah came as a king this time instead of a beggar, that he did not want the gifts but people gave them because their love was so strong, that the gifts are from a "Western culture whose fruits are watches and Cadillacs", and that Rawat's lifestyle was an example of a lila, or divine prank, which held a mirror to a "money-crazed and contraption-collecting society". A follower told a reporter that Rawat fired a pistol at prized vases in the backyard to "to teach us the worthlessness of material possessions." Sources close to his mother said that his materialistic lifestyle was one of the reasons she disowned him. Former officials of the DLM in the 1970s, including the founding president, the vice president, and a financial analyst, complained that the movement appeared to exist only to support Rawat's "opulent existence". Critics have complained that his lifestyle was supported by the donations of followers. Draft 4 (v2.3) To be inserted after the second sentence of the first section, "Childhood": Prem Rawat had a wealthy, high caste father and was born into luxury. Replacement text for 3rd section, "Coming of age": In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission’s separate American corporation which, according to Foss and Larkin, "had developed a centralized bureaucracy with rampant titleism and a penchant for office forms and organizational charts", and he began to assert his independence from his mother, who returned to India with Satpal. Still a minor, Rawat needed a court order to obtain a license to marry without parental permission. In May 1974 he obtained such court order from a Juvenile court in Colorado. His marriage to Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year old follower and secretary of his from San Diego, California, was officiated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado. Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited. As a result of his marriage he became an emancipated minor. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed Rawat's relationship with his mother. She publicly disowned him in 1975 and appointed her eldest son, Satpal, as leader of the Indian DLM, while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Rawat had by then become financially independent thanks to contributions from his Western devotees, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire – running a household for his wife, his brother and sister-in-law, Raja Ji and Claudia, as well as financing travel for his entourage of close officials and mahatmas on his frequent trips around the globe to attend the Mission's festivals. In November 1974 Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. It was described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, Rawat was the subject of numerous press reports picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle, maintained over that period despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in Denver, London, New York and India; he had two planes (later a private jet), sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls-Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes-Benz 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. Some of these items were reportedly put at Rawat's disposition tax-free due to the DLM's status as a church. When asked why he did not give his Rolls to the poor he explained that he only had one and once it was given he would have no more Rolls to give, and that what he gave was more valuable than money. Followers said that the messiah came as a king this time instead of a beggar, that he did not want the gifts but people gave them because their love was so strong, that the gifts are from a "Western culture whose fruits are watches and Cadillacs", and that Rawat's lifestyle was an example of a lila, or divine prank, which held a mirror to a "money-crazed and contraption-collecting society". According to Richard Levine in Rolling Stone a premie described that in the early 1970s Rawat fired a pistol at a number of prized vases in the backyard of the L.A. Residence "to teach us the worthlessness of material possessions." Sources close to Rawat's mother said that his materialistic lifestyle was one of the reasons she disowned him. Former officials of the DLM in the 1970s, including the founding president, the vice president, and a financial analyst, complained that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use, and that the movement appeared to them to exist only to support Rawat's "opulent existence". Critics have complained that his lifestyle was supported by the donations of followers. From the mid-1970s several ex-members became vocal critics. Among others, Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and former president of the business side of the mission, and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism to the press. In 1978 they warned that a situation like the Jonestown deaths could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill. James R. Lewis wrote that such former members attacked the movement with charges of brainwashing and mind control. Although some of Rawat's students still harbored residual beliefs in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of them viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In January 1976 Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology. In the same year, staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. Rawat's Malibu home was damaged in an October 1978 brushfire. Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children for several years, and DLM headquarters relocated there. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. Around 1980 a neighborhood dispute regarding a helipad on the Malibu estate arose which was finally resolved by installing emergency water storage for use by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in emergencies, and by limiting the number of permitted flights. After scaling down the DLM's activities in the early 1980s, Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. To be deleted from "Westernization" section: The quotation from Hunt in the third paragraph of that section To be deleted from "Critical viewpoints" section: The clause "for instance that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use.[17]" would be deleted from the last sentence in the second paragaph of the "Critical viewpoints" section. Material to be integrated in the "Aviation interests" section: Rawat took flying lessons beginning when he was 13, and began training in a jet by age 15. Later he would obtain an Airline Transport Pilot License and type ratings for multi-engined aircrafts and helicopters. Draft 5 The first part would be inserted after the second sentence of the first section, "Childhood". The second part would be inserted after the third paragraph of "Coming of age". The first sentence of "Aviation interests" is moved here, and would be deleted from that section. The sentence about the watch would be deleted. The quotation from Hunt in the third paragraph of the "Westernization" section would be deleted/remainder moved. The clause "for instance that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use.[17]" would be deleted from the last sentence in the second paragaph of the "Critical viewpoints" section. Prem Rawat had a wealthy, high caste father and was born into luxury. A source of controversy in the 1970s was Rawat's extremely affluent lifestyle, which continued during the DLM's financial difficulties. Press reports listed expensive automobiles such as Rolls Royces, Mercedes Benz limousines and sports cars, some of them gifts. Some of the vehicles were reportedly bought tax-free due to the DLM's status as a church. Rawat took flying lessons beginning when he was 13, and began training in a jet by age 15. In 1972 two Cessna airplanes were obtained for his use. Later he would obtain an Airline Transport Pilot License and type ratings for multi-engined aircrafts and helicopters, and had a private jet at his disposition. He was reported to have homes in London, New York, Colorado, California and India. When asked why he did not give his Rolls to the poor he explained that he only had one and once it was given he would have no more Rolls to give, and that what he gave was more valuable than money. Followers said that the messiah came as a king this time instead of a beggar, that he did not want the gifts but people gave them because their love was so strong, that the gifts are from a "Western culture whose fruits are watches and Cadillacs", and that Rawat's lifestyle was an example of a lila, or divine prank, which held a mirror to a "money-crazed and contraption-collecting society". A follower told a reporter that Rawat fired a pistol at prized vases in the backyard to "to teach us the worthlessness of material possessions." Sources close to his mother said that his materialistic lifestyle was one of the reasons she disowned him. Former officials of the DLM in the 1970s, including the founding president, the vice president, and a financial analyst, complained that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use,and that the movement appeared to them to exist only to support Rawat's "opulent existence". Critics have complained that his lifestyle was supported by the donations of followers. Draft 6 IN PROGRESS / NOT COMPLETED In the early years in the United States, the teenaged Maharaj Ji changed his lifestyle in a manner that his mother disapproved of, including fashionable hairstyles, western clothes, and a level of luxury that included expensive cars and mansions, as well as adopting a hippie vocabulary. This, being at odds with the ideal of traditional Indian gurus, caused his mother to later disown him. Scholars such as Stonner & Parke refer to the young Rawat beginning to lead a life that was not in keeping with his image as a holy man; when premies purchased an estate in Malibu into which the newly married couple moved, his mother disapproved of the marriage and the lifestyle of what was then a successful guru, accusing her 16-year son of breaking his spiritual disciplines. Pilarzyk described in 1978 how media accounts by youth culture publications focused on the "materialistic fixations" and the physical condition of the guru. Between the years 1972 and 1975, the mainstream media and the popular press focused on the apparent luxurious lifestyle, as well as making negative comments about Rawat's physical appearance. Downton describes these numerous and unfavorable media reports as picturing Rawat as more interested in accumulating wealth than changing the world. According to Hunt, critics focused on what appeared to be an opulent lifestyle, arguing that it was supported largely by the donations of his followers. Melton reports that in 1977, a former president of the Mission complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill and that money was being diverted to the founder's personal use, but that these charges did not affect the course of the organization, and that through the late 1980s there was no further controversy. Draft 7 To be inserted in the Coming of age section, replacing the text from "Rawat had by then ..." to "... "valued at 15 million". Uses one press source: "'You're a Perfect Master'", Newsweek November 19, 1973 Helipad passage restored, but at a later point, for timeline reasons (it was ten years later, 1981 to 1985) -- may not be perfect yet. Perhaps the material needs to be spread out more to fit into our article's chronology. Bear in mind, the next paragraph will begin "Although there were still residues of belief in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority ..." STILL IN PROGRESS Superseded by Drafts 9/10 Rawat had by then become financially independent as a result of contributions from his Western devotees, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire. In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press, the house was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, Rawat was the subject of numerous newspaper articles picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle over that period, maintained despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver; he had two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. In the early 1980s, there was an ongoing controversy around a helipad on the Malibu estate which was finally resolved by installing emergency water storage for use by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in emergencies, and by limiting the number of permitted flights. After scaling down the DLM's activities in the early 1980s, Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Draft 8 Following the loss of his family's support Rawat, who never charged for teaching Knowledge or for his talks, was now dependent on his Western followers for income for himself and his work. Their generous contributions allowed him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire and run a household for his wife, his brother, Raja Ji and Raja Ji's wife, Claudia as well as financing his entourage of family, close officials and mahatmas on their frequent trips around the globe to attend the mission's festivals In July Rawat and his wife travelled to Copenhagen to meet with 8,000 followers, an event that marked his wife's first public appearance. Later that night Spanish premies serenaded the newlyweds from the street below and were invited in by Marolyn for tea and cookies. In November, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press and a "little house" by the premies, it was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. By 1975 Rawat's message was available in 58 countries on six continents but in the U.S. he was the subject of numerous newspaper articles picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. Rawat, who is not a renunciate, generated considerable controversy with his lifestyle and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was valued at $15 million, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver; he had two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them gifts from disciples. Draft 9 Because of the timeline problems, this draft now represents the entire Coming of Age section. The helipad controversy, which occurred in the early eighties, has been moved to the end. ==Coming of age== In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch and began to assert his independence from his mother who returned to India with Satpal. In April 1974, at the age of sixteen, Rawat became an emancipated minor, and in May married Marolyn Johnson. Johnson was a 24-year old follower and secretary of Rawat from San Diego, California. The marriage was officiated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado. Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed Rawat's relationship with his mother. She publicly disowned him in 1975, subsequently gaining legal control of the Indian DLM and appointing his eldest brother, Satpal, as its leader, while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Rawat had by then become financially independent as a result of contributions from his Western devotees, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire. In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press, the house was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, Rawat was the subject of numerous newspaper articles picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle over that period, maintained despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver; he had two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. Although there were still residues of belief in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of students viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In January 1976 Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology. In the same year, staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. His followers elevated Rawat to a higher level in the conveyance of "Knowledge". During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. In the late 1970s several ex-members became vocal critics. James Lewis wrote that they attacked the movement with charges of brainwashing and mind control. In January 1979 the Los Angeles Times reported that Rawat maintained his Malibu following despite a rising mistrust of cults. Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and former president of the business side of the mission, and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism in a press conference, warning that a situation like the recent Jonestown incident could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill, but his charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the Mission. Following the fire damage to his Malibu home, Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children for several years, and DLM headquarters relocated there. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. In the early 1980s, there was an ongoing controversy around a helipad on the Malibu estate which was finally resolved by installing emergency water storage for use by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in emergencies, and by limiting the number of permitted flights. After scaling down the DLM's activities in the early 1980s, Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Draft 10 ==Coming of age== (Work in progress) In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch which, according to Foss and Larkin "had developed a centralized bureaucracy with rampant titleism and a penchant for office forms and organizational charts" and began to assert his independence from his mother who returned to India with Satpal. In April 1974, Rawat became an emancipated minor, and in May married Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year old follower from San Diego, California. The marriage was officiated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado. Rawat's mother, who had chosen an Indian wife for her son, was not invited. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed Rawat's relationship with his mother. Since she was the patron and had legal control of the Indian DLM she appointed the eldest brother, Satpal, as its leader, while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Following the loss of his family's support Rawat, who never charged for teaching Knowledge or for his talks was now dependent on his Western followers for income for himself and his work. Their contributions allowed him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire and run a household for his wife, his brother, Raja Ji and Raja Ji's wife, Claudia as well as financing his entourage of family, close officials and mahatmas on their frequent trips around the globe to attend the mission's festivals. In July Rawat and his wife travelled to Copenhagen to meet with 8,000 followers, an event that marked his wife's first public appearance. Later that night Spanish premies serenaded the newlyweds from the street below and were invited in by Marolyn for tea and cookies. In November, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press and a "little house" by the premies, it was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. By 1975 Rawat's message was available in 58 countries on six continents but the 16 year old was constantly criticized by the media for his age, his diet, his physical appearance and the gifts showered on him by his adoring followers. Rawat, whose father had slept on benches in train stations when spreading his message, said that poverty was not conducive to taking his message to the world and was not a renunciate. His lifestyle generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Rawat who frequently acted like the teenager that he was in public, was seen as immature and hence unfit to be a religious leader. He does not see himself as bound by conventional beliefs or practices of any institutionalized religion or tradition-honored worldview. He is essentially an iconoclast who plots his route by pragmatic decisions to meet the demands and challenges that occur in his public career as a teacher striving to convince people of the value of self-knowledge. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver; he had two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them gifts from disciples. Although there were still residues of belief in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of students viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In 1976 Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology and the staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80.Rawat tried to heal the growing rift with the Mission but in August Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and Rawat parted ways. Rawat's appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. His followers elevated Rawat to a higher level in the conveyance of "Knowledge". During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs.In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. In the mid-1970s several ex-members became vocal critics. James Lewis wrote that they attacked the movement with the usual charges of brainwashing and mind control. Sociologists Stoner and Parke who studied premies for many months say "We have yet to meet a cult member, or former cultist, who has convinced us that he was hypnotized into a new religion".Mishler and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism in a press conference, warning that a situation like the recent Jonestown incident could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill, but his charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the Mission. Following the birth of his second child Rawat began to tour without his family, speaking in places as various as Swaziland, Peru and Frankfurt. By the end of the 70s DLM, while growing little in the United States with 10,000 to 12,000 active members, has expanded significantly in Southern Asia, the South Pacific and South America. Following the fire damage to his Malibu home, Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children for several years, and DLM headquarters relocated there. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. After scaling down the DLM's activities in the early 1980s, Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Draft 11 ==Coming of age== In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch which, according to Foss and Larkin, "had developed a centralized bureaucracy with rampant titleism and a penchant for office forms and organizational charts" and began to assert his independence from his mother, who returned to India with Satpal. In April 1974, Rawat became an emancipated minor, and in May married Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year-old follower and former airline stewardess from San Diego, California. The marriage was officiated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado; Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed Rawat's relationship with his mother. She publicly disowned him in 1975 and appointed her eldest son, Satpal, as leader of the Indian DLM, while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Rawat had by then become financially independent thanks to contributions from his Western devotees, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire – running a household for his wife, his brother and sister-in-law, Raja Ji and Claudia, as well as financing travel for his entourage of close officials and mahatmas on his frequent trips around the globe to attend the Mission's festivals. In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described as a "lavish hilltop estate" in the press, the house was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, Rawat was the subject of numerous newspaper reports picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle over that period, maintained despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, even defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver; he had two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal, a Rolls-Royce awaited his arrival in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes-Benz 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. Besides reporting on his perceived materialistic fixations, the media often criticized Rawat for his age and physical appearance. Overall, most accounts were quite negative and, from the DLM's point of view, full of distortions – premies' responses to the press reporting ranged from bewilderment and amusement to extreme defensiveness. Positive comments about Rawat's movement came from such youth culture "folk heroes" as anti-war activist Rev. Daniel Berrigan, radical lawyer William Kunstler, and singer-songwriter Cat Stevens. Although some of Rawat's students still harbored residual beliefs in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of them viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In January 1976 Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology. In the same year, staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. His followers elevated Rawat to a higher level in the conveyance of "Knowledge". During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. In the late 1970s several ex-members became vocal critics. James R. Lewis wrote that they attacked the movement with charges of brainwashing and mind control. Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and former president of the business side of the mission, and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism in a press conference, warning that a situation like the recent Jonestown incident could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill, but his charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the organization. Following the fire damage to his Malibu home, Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children for several years, and DLM headquarters relocated there. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. In the early 1980s, there was an ongoing neighborhood dispute around a helipad on the Malibu estate which was finally resolved by installing emergency water storage for use by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in emergencies, and by limiting the number of permitted flights. After scaling down the DLM's activities in the early 1980s, Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Draft 12 Condensed and smoothed from Draft 11. ==Coming of age== In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch which, according to Foss and Larkin, "had developed a centralized bureaucracy with rampant titleism and a penchant for office forms and organizational charts" and began to assert his independence from his mother, who returned to India with his brother Satpal. In April 1974, Rawat became an emancipated minor, and in May married Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year-old follower and former airline stewardess from San Diego, California. The marriage was celebrated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado. Rawat's mother, Mata Ji, had not been invited. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed Rawat's relationship with his mother. She publicly disowned him in 1975, and appointed her eldest son, Satpal, as leader of the Indian DLM, while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Contributions from his Western devotees had by then made Rawat financially independent, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire and run a household for his wife, his brother Raja Ji and his wife Claudia, and also finance his own frequent international travel to attend the Mission's festivals with his entourage of close officials and mahatmas. In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described by the press as a "lavish hilltop estate", the house was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, numerous newspaper articles appeared portraying Rawat as primarily interested in accumulating wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle over that period, maintained despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, caused defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver, with two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal. A Rolls-Royce awaited him in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes-Benz 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. Besides reporting on his perceived materialistic fixations, the media often criticized Rawat for his age and physical appearance. Premies' responses to the press reporting ranged from bewilderment and amusement to extreme defensiveness. Positive comments about Rawat's movement came from youth culture figures such as anti-war activist Rev. Daniel Berrigan, radical lawyer William Kunstler, and singer-songwriter Cat Stevens. Although some of Rawat's students may have retained beliefs in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of them viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In January 1976, Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology. In the same year, staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion, and he was elevated to a higher level in the conveyance of "Knowledge". During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. In the late 1970s several ex-members became vocal critics, and attacked the movement with charges of brainwashing and mind control. Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and former president of the business side of the mission, and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism in a press conference, predicting that a situation like the recent Jonestown incident could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill, but his charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the organization. Following the fire damage to his Malibu headquarters, Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children, and the DLM offices also relocated there. This remained his home and base for several years. Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. Draft 13 from Draft 12, with attempts to deal with some editors' objections to that draft. More is probably still needed. July 26, couple more tweaks, indicated by strikeouts. ==Coming of age== In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission's U.S. branch which, according to Foss and Larkin, "had developed a centralized bureaucracy with rampant titleism and a penchant for office forms and organizational charts". Beginning a process of democratising and secularising the movement, he also began to asserted his independence from his mother, Mata Ji, who returned to India with his brother Satpal. In April 1974, Rawat became an emancipated minor, and in May married Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year-old follower and former airline stewardess from San Diego, California. The marriage was celebrated at a non-denominational church in Golden, Colorado. Rawat's mother was not invited. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed his relationship with his mother. She publicly disowned him in 1975, and appointed her eldest son, Satpal, as leader of the Indian DLM. Rawat retained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed. Contributions from his Western devotees had by then made Rawat financially independent, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire and run a household for his own wife, his brother Raja Ji and wife Claudia, and also to finance his own frequent international travel to attend the Mission's festivals, with his entourage of close officials and mahatmas. In November 1974, seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns, Rawat moved to a four-acre property in Malibu, California. Purchased by the DLM for $400,000, the property also served as the DLM's West Coast headquarters. Described by the press as a "lavish hilltop estate", the house was damaged in a 1978 brush fire. Through the early and mid-1970s, numerous newspaper articles appeared portraying Rawat as primarily interested in accumulating wealth, rather than changing the world. His affluent lifestyle over that period, maintained despite the DLM's financial difficulties following the Millennium '73 festival, generated considerable controversy and, according to Bromley and Shupe, caused defections among premies. Still a teenager, he was, Jeanne Messer writes, fascinated by the technology of the age: cars, airplanes, stereos and computers. Besides the Malibu estate, Rawat had homes in London, New York and Denver, with two planes, sports cars and motorcycles at his disposal. A Rolls-Royce awaited him in London, and a chauffeured Mercedes-Benz 600 was on hand in Denver, all of them said to be gifts from disciples. Besides criticising him for his perceived materialistic fixations, the media often focused on his age and physical appearance. Premies' responses to the press reporting ranged from bewilderment and amusement to defensiveness. Positive comments about Rawat's movement came from youth culture figures such as anti-war activist Rev. Daniel Berrigan, radical lawyer William Kunstler, and singer-songwriter Cat Stevens. Although some of Rawat's students may have retained beliefs in his divinity, by 1976 the vast majority of them viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In January 1976, Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams and to discard Indian customs and terminology. In the same year, staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion, and he was granted a renewed significance in the lives of the premies. During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. In the late 1970s several ex-members became vocal critics, and accused the movement of brainwashing and mind control. Bob Mishler, co-founder of DLM in the United States and former president of the business side of the mission, and Robert Hand, a former vice president of the movement, voiced their criticism in a press conference, predicting that a situation like the recent Jonestown incident could occur with the followers of Rawat. Mishler complained that the ideals of the group had become impossible to fulfill, but his charges found little support and did not affect the progress of the organization. Following the fire damage to his Malibu headquarters, Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children, and the DLM offices also relocated there. This remained his home and base for several years. Rawat created the North American Sponsorship Program to help pay for the Malibu estate, which by 1998 was reportedly worth $15 million. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. Draft 14 In December 1973, when he turned 16, Rawat took administrative control of the Mission’s separate American corporation and began to assert his independence from Mata Ji, who returned to India with her eldest son Sat Pal. His desire to marry Marolyn Johnson, a 24-year old follower from San Diego, California, further exacerbated the growing rift with his mother. In May 1974 he obtained a court order from a Juvenile court in Colorado to obtain a marriage license without parental permission and married Johnson in a non-denominational church. In July Rawat introduced his new wife at an event in Copenhagen attended by over 8,000 followers. Rawat's marriage to a non-Indian finally severed his relationship with his mother who appointed Sat Pal, as leader of the Indian DLM while Rawat maintained the support of the Western disciples. Most of the mahatmas either returned to India or were dismissed as Rawat continued to westernize the Mission. Rawat had by then become financially independent thanks to contributions from his Western devotees, which made it possible for him to follow the lifestyle of an American millionaire – running a household for his wife, his brother and sister-in-law, Raja Ji and Claudia, as well as financing travel for his entourage of close officials on his frequent trips around the globe to attend the Mission's festivals.In 1974 the DLM purchased a four-acre property in Malibu, California as the DLM's West Coast headquarters and residence for Rawat, who moved there in November seeking more privacy for himself, his wife and his entourage following security concerns. By 1975 Rawat's message had spread to 58 countries on six continents and Rawat began appointing westerners to teach Knowledge. Throughout the early and mid-1970s, Rawat was the subject of numerous press reports picturing him as primarily interested in the accumulation of wealth, rather than changing the world. According to Downton, giving thanks to a guru is an “eastern spiritual tradition” and Rawat’s followers were “more than happy to supply him with luxuries”. In April 1975 Rawat travelled to India with his wife and young daughter. When Mata Ji and Sat Pal learned of Rawat's plans they mounted a campaign to defame him and to interfere with his arrival. Sat Pal launched a defamation suit against Rawat and Rawat counter claimed. The judge appealed for them to settle their suit before there was "bloodshed in the family". Rawat stepped forward immediately and unconditionally withdrew his defamation suit against his brother and after some coaxing from the judge, Sat Pal withdrew his. In January 1976 Rawat encouraged students to leave the ashrams, discard Indian customs and terminology and although some of Rawat's students still harbored residual beliefs in his divinity, the vast majority viewed Rawat primarily as their spiritual teacher, guide and inspiration. In the same year Rawat said that he felt that the organization had come between his devotees and himself and he removed Bob Mishler, the International President of DLM from power. and the staff at the Denver headquarters were reduced from 250 to 80. Mishler later complained that money was increasingly diverted to Rawat's personal use and that the movement appeared to them to exist only to support Rawat's "opulent existence" but the claims found little support and did not affect the progress of the Mission. His appearance at an event on 20 December 1976 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, wearing a traditional Krishna costume for the first time since 1975, signaled a resurgence of Indian influence and devotion. During 1977, many returned to ashram life, and there was a shift back from secular tendencies towards ritual and messianic beliefs. In 1977 Rawat became a US citizen. Rawat moved to Miami Beach, Florida with his wife and three children for several years, and DLM headquarters relocated there. Prem Rawat visited India again in October 1980 after an absence of five years, and spoke to over 38,000 people in Delhi. He also toured South America and Europe that year. Around 1980 a neighborhood dispute regarding a helipad on the Malibu estate arose which was finally resolved by installing emergency water storage for use by the Los Angeles County Fire Department in emergencies, and by limiting the number of permitted flights. References