This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Entries listed in bold are Solar System-wide extremes.

By feature

edit
Record Data Feature Ref.
Largest canyon 4000 km long, 200 km wide Valles Marineris, Mars [1]
Tallest mountain 22 km (13.6 mi) Rheasilvia central peak, Vesta [2][3]
Tallest volcano 25 km (15.5 mi) Olympus Mons, Mars [4]
Tallest cliff 20 km (12.4 mi) Verona Rupes, Miranda, Uranus [5]
Largest impact crater 2,700 km (1,700 mi) North Polar Basin, Mars [6]

By class

edit
Type Average density Average temperature Average surface gravity
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 1.4 g/cm3

Sun[7][8]

5778 K

Sun[9][10]

274 m/s2

Sun[11]

Major planet 0.7 g/cm3Saturn[12][13] 5.51 g/cm3
Earth

[14][15]

73 K

Neptune[16][17][18]

733 K

Venus[19]

3.70 m/s2
Mercury

[18]

23.1 m/s2
Jupiter

[18]

Dwarf planet 1.4 ±0.2 g/cm3 Orcus[20][NB 1] 2.52 ±0.05 g/cm3 Eris[21] 30 K

Makemake

167 K

Ceres

≈0.2 m/s2 Orcus 0.8 m/s2Eris
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] 0.98 g/cm3
Tethys
3.53 g/cm3
Io
[22][23]
38 K
Triton
[24]
250 K
Moon
[25]
0.064 m/s2Mimas 1.796 m/s2Io
Type Escape velocity Mass Volume
(radius)
Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest
Star 617.7 km/s
Sun

[11]

332,830 MEarth
Sun

[26][27]

695,000 km
Sun

[27]

Major planet 4.3 km/s
Mercury
[18]
59.5 km/s
Jupiter
[18]
0.055 MEarth
Mercury
[28]
318 MEarth
Jupiter
[26]
2500 km
Mercury
[29]
69911 km
Jupiter
[28]
Dwarf planet ≈0.43 km/s
Orcus
1.3 km/s
Eris
0.0000916 MEarth
Orcus[20][NB 3]
0.0028 MEarth
Eris
487.3 km
Ceres
1187 km
Pluto
Major moon of major or dwarf planet [NB 2] 0.16 km/s
Mimas
2.74 km/s
Ganymede
0.000006 MEarth
Mimas
0.0250 MEarth
Ganymede
[30]
198 km
Mimas
2634 km
Ganymede
[22][30]
Extreme characteristic Major planet Dwarf planet Major moon
(of a major or dwarf planet) [NB 2]
Densest atmosphere Venus[NB 4]
[31][32]
Pluto Titan[31]

By object

edit
Astronomical body Elevation
(height above/below datum)
Elevation
(height above/below base)
Surface temperature
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Sun N/A 5,000,000 K
In a solar flare

[33]

1240 K
In a sunspot

[34]

Mercury 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Caloris Montes, northwest Caloris Basin rim mountains

[35][36]

723 K
Dayside of Mercury

[37]

89 K
Permanently shaded polar craters

[38]

Venus 11 kilometres (6.8 mi)
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra

[39][40][41][42]

3 kilometres (1.9 mi)
Diana Chasma, Aphrodite Terra

[42][43]

755 K
lowlands of Venus

[38]

644 K
Maxwell Montes, Ishtar Terra

[38]

Earth 8,848 metres (29,029 ft)
Mount Everest, Nepal - Tibet, China

[44]

10,971 metres (35,994 ft)
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean

[45]

10,200 metres (33,500 ft)
Mauna Kea, Hawaii, United States of America

[44]

7 kilometres (4.3 mi)
Mariana Trench, Pacific Ocean

[46]

330 K
Furnace Creek Ranch,
Death Valley, United States
(more info)
184 K
Vostok Station, Antarctica
(more info)
Mars 27 kilometres (17 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[44]
6 kilometres (3.7 mi)
Hellas Planitia

[47]

24 kilometres (15 mi)
Olympus Mons, Tharsis
[48]
9 kilometres (5.6 mi)
Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris

[49]

293 K
Martian equator in midsummer day

[50]

120 K
Martian poles in the depths of winter night

[50]

Jupiter N/A 152 K

[51]

110 K

[51]

Saturn N/A 143 K

[52]

82 K

[52]

Uranus N/A 68 K

[53]

59 K

[53]

Neptune N/A 53 K
[54]
50 K
[54]
Moon 10,786 metres (35,387 ft)
5.4125°, 201.3665°
[55][56]
9.06 kilometres (5.63 mi)
Antoniadi Crater (-172.58°E, 70.38°S)
400 K
midday on the equator
[57]
26 K
Permanently shadowed southwestern edge of the northern polar zone Hermite Crater in winter solstice
[57]
Io 17.3 kilometres (10.7 mi)
Boosaule Montes
[58][59]
Europa 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
conical mountain (34.5N, 169.5W)
[60]
132 K
Subsolar temperature
[61]
Ganymede 156 K
Subsolar temperature
[61]
80 K
Nighttime temperature
[62]
Callisto 168 K
Subsolar temperature
[61]
80 K
Predawn nighttime temperature
[63]
Titan 2 km (1.2 mi)
Mithrim Montes, Xanadu[64]
Mimas
Enceladus 110 K
Tiger Stripes
[65]
Tethys
Dione
Rhea
Iapetus 20 kilometres (12 mi)Voyager Mountains, equatorial ridge and bulge

[66][67][68]

Ariel
Umbriel
Titania
Oberon
Miranda 20 kilometers (12 mi)

Verona Rupes[5]

Triton
Nereid
Proteus
Charon
Ceres 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi)
Ahuna Mons

[69][70]

235 K

[71]

Pluto 3.4 km (2.1 mi)
Norgay Montes, Tombaugh Regio[72]
45 K

[73]

35 K

[73]
Eris 41 K

[74]

30 K

[74]

Makemake
Haumea
The bodies included in this table are: (1) planemos; (2) major planets, dwarf planets, or moons of major or dwarf planets, or stars; (3) hydrostatically round so as to be able to provide a geodetic datum line.

By distance

edit

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Though astronomers generally accept Orcus as a dwarf planet, some doubt remains
  2. ^ a b c A major moon is a moon that is hydrostatically round.
  3. ^ Mass calculated using Vanth's estimated mass
  4. ^ As the transition from atmosphere to other is unclear for the giant planets, they are not included in this

References

edit
  1. ^ NASA, "Ius Chasma" (accessed 2010-11-15)
  2. ^ Vega, P. (11 October 2011). "New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission". Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission website. NASA. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
  3. ^ Schenk, P.; Marchi, S.; O'Brien, D.P.; Buczkowski, D.; Jaumann, R.; Yingst, A.; McCord, T.; Gaskell, R.; Roatsch, T.; Keller, H. E.; Raymond, C.A.; Russell, C.T. (1 March 2012). "Mega-Impacts into Planetary Bodies: Global Effects of the Giant Rheasilvia Impact Basin on Vesta". 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. The Woodlands, Texas: LPI. p. 2757. Bibcode:2012LPI....43.2757S. contribution 1659, id.2757. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Universe Today, "The Largest Volcano in the Solar System", Fraser Cain, 16 July 2008 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  5. ^ a b Astronomy Picture of the Day, "2007 July 23", NASA, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-10)
  6. ^ Chandler, David (June 25, 2008). "Solar System's biggest impact scar discovered". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  7. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Sun", May Ko, 1999 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  8. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 24 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  9. ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of the Sun", Fraser Cain, 15 September 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  10. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Temperature on the Surface of the Sun", Glynise Finney, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  11. ^ a b Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, 07.03.03: "Voyage to the Planets" Archived 2016-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, Nicholas R. Perrone, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  12. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Planets", Abbey Cessna, 9 August 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  13. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of Saturn", Meredith Garmisa, 1997 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  14. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Earth", Fraser Cain, 10 March 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  15. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Density of the Earth", Katherine Malfucci, 2000 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  16. ^ Universe Today, "What is the Coldest Planet of Our Solar System?", Fraser Cain, 28 May 2010 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  17. ^ Universe Today, "Temperature of Neptune", Fraser Cain, 28 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  18. ^ a b c d e Journey Through the Galaxy, "Planets of the Solar System" Archived 2010-11-30 at the Wayback Machine, Stuart Robbins, David McDonald, 14 September 2006 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  19. ^ Planet Facts, "Temperature on Venus – The Hottest Planet" Archived 2011-01-18 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
  20. ^ a b Brown, Michael E.; Butler, Bryan (July 2023). "Masses and densities of dwarf planet satellites measured with ALMA". The Planetary Science Journal. 4 (10): 11. arXiv:2307.04848. Bibcode:2023PSJ.....4..193B. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ace52a.
  21. ^ Holler, Bryan J.; Grundy, William M.; Buie, Marc W.; Noll, Keith S. (February 2021). "The Eris/Dysnomia system I: The orbit of Dysnomia" (PDF). Icarus. 355: 114130. arXiv:2009.13733. Bibcode:2021Icar..35514130H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2020.114130. S2CID 221995416. 114130. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  22. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.10
  23. ^ Universe Today, "Density of the Moon", Fraser Cain, 3 November 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  24. ^ Praxis, "Distant Worlds", Peter Bond, 2007, Catalog record for Distant worlds : milestones in planetary exploration at the United States Library of Congress, ISBN 0-387-40212-8, pg.247
  25. ^ ABC News (USA), "Moon Base Camp Would Offer 'Practice'", Amanda Onion, 12 January 2004 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  26. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.2
  27. ^ a b Views of the Solar System, "Sun", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  28. ^ a b Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.6
  29. ^ Cambridge University Press, "Planetary Sciences, Second Edition", Imke de Pater, Jack J. Lissauer, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-85371-2, pg.4
  30. ^ a b the neighborhood, "g alilean moons of jupiter" Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Raymond Harris, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  31. ^ a b Johns Hopkins University Press, "Alien Volcanoes", Michael Carroll, Rosaly Lopes, Fall 2007 (accessed 2010-11-20)
  32. ^ University of Massachusetts; Department of Astronomy, "The Terrestrial Planets - Quiz 8", T. Arny (accessed 2010-11-21)
  33. ^ Goddard Space Flight Center, "What is a Solar Flare?", Gordon Holman, Sarah Benedict, 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  34. ^ Serbian Astronomical Journal, "On the Effective Temperature of Sunspot Umbrae using Beryllium Hydride Isotopomer Lines", Sangeetha, R.; Sriramachandran, P.; Bagare, S. P.; Rajamanickam, N.; Shanmugavel, R., vol. 179, pp. 95-99, December 2009, doi:10.2298/SAJ0979095S, Bibcode:2009SerAJ.179...95S
  35. ^ Icarus, "The morphology of Mercury's Caloris basin as seen in MESSENGER stereo topographic models", Oberst, Jürgen; Preusker, Frank; Phillips, Roger J.; et al., Volume 209, Issue 1, p. 230-238, September 2010, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.009, Bibcode:2010Icar..209..230O
  36. ^ Lerner Publications, "Mercury", Gregory Vogt, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7613-5705-6, pp.31
  37. ^ World Book at NASA, "Mercury" Archived 2009-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Maria T. Zuber, 2004, World Book Online Reference Center Archived 2012-09-10 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
  38. ^ a b c Mohawk Valley Astronomical Society, "Planetary Personalities, Part 1 of 3: The Inner Planets", Perry Pezzolanella, February 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  39. ^ Astronomy Magazine, "Astronomy for Kids: Venus" (accessed 2010-11-06)
  40. ^ NRAO, "Venusian Mountain Maxwell Montes" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
  41. ^ NOAA, "Venus Topography and Shaded Relief" Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-06)
  42. ^ a b National Academy Press, "Physics Through the 1990s: Scientific Interfaces and Technological Applications", National Research Council, 1986, pp.100, ISBN 0-309-03580-5
  43. ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Science, "Venus", David Darling (accessed 2010-11-06)
  44. ^ a b c Universe Today, "Tallest Mountain", Abbey Cessna, 30 November 2009 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  45. ^ Universe Today, "Deepest Point On Earth" Archived 2012-12-25 at the Wayback Machine, John Carl Villanueva, 3 September 2009 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  46. ^ Earlham College, Geosciences 211: Physical Geology (2003), "Marianas Trench", Ruairi K. Rhodes, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-06)
  47. ^ The Physics Factbook, "Altitude of the Lowest Point on Mars", Allison Chin, 2003 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  48. ^ Hawaiian Encyclopedia, "The Hawaiian-Emperor Chain", Daniel Harrington, Mutual Publishing (accessed 2010-11-06)
  49. ^ Universe Today, "Melas Chasma: The Deepest Abyss on Mars", Nancy Atkinson, 8 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  50. ^ a b NASA Quest, "Mars Facts" Archived 2013-06-07 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-11)
  51. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Jupiter" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  52. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Saturn" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  53. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Uranus" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  54. ^ a b Kid's Cosmos, "Explore Neptune" Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-15)
  55. ^ The Register, "Highest point on the Moon found: Higher than Mount Everest", Lewis Page, 29 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  56. ^ Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera, "Highest Point on the Moon!" Archived 2012-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Mark Robinson, 26 October 2010 (accessed 2010-11-05)
  57. ^ a b BBC News, "'Coldest place' found on the Moon", Jonathan Amos, 16 December 2009 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  58. ^ Springer-Praxis, "Io After Galileo", Rosaly M. C. Lopes, John Robert Spencer, 2007, ISBN 9783540346814, pp.110
  59. ^ Cambridge University Press, 'Planetary Tectonics', "Tectonics of the outer planet satellites", Paul M. Schenk et al., 2009, `ed. Thomas R. Watters, Richard A. Schultz`, ISBN 0521765730, pp.289
  60. ^ Icarus, "Europa: Initial Galileo Geological Observations", Greeley, Ronald; Sullivan, Robert; Klemaszewski, James;, Volume 135, pp. 4-24, September 1998, doi:10.1006/icar.1998.5969, Bibcode:1998Icar..135....4G
  61. ^ a b c Astrophysical Journal, "Callisto: New Insights from Galileo Disk-resolved UV Measurements", Hendrix, Amanda R.; Johnson, Robert E., Volume 687, Issue 1, pp. 706-713, November 2008, doi:10.1086/591491, Bibcode:2008ApJ...687..706H
  62. ^ OuterSpaceSite.com, "Jupiter's Moon Ganymede" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 2010-11-22)
  63. ^ "17 Callisto" Archived 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine, Jeffrey M. Moore et al. (accessed 2010-11-25)
  64. ^ Mitri, G.; Bland, M. T.; Showman, A. P.; Radebaugh, J.; Stiles, B.; Lopes, R. M. C.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Pappalardo, R. T. (2010). "Mountains on Titan: Modeling and observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 115 (E10002): E10002. Bibcode:2010JGRE..11510002M. doi:10.1029/2010JE003592.
  65. ^ Views of the Solar System, "Saturn II - Enceladus", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-28)
  66. ^ Solar System Exploration, "The Mountains of Saturn's Mysterious Moon Iapetus" Archived 2015-10-04 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, 16 October 2008 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  67. ^ JPL, Cassini Solstice Mission, "Iapetus" Archived 2015-03-26 at the Wayback Machine, NASA (accessed 2010-11-11)
  68. ^ itWire, "Ridge on Saturn moon Iapetus was hard nut to crack", William Atkins, 23 July 2007 (accessed 2010-11-11)
  69. ^ Robert Burnham (1 September 2016). "Ceres: The tiny world where volcanoes erupt ice". Arizona State University.
  70. ^ O. Ruesch; et al. (March 2016). "Ahuna Mons: A Geologically-Young Extrusive Dome on Ceres" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (47): 2279. Bibcode:2016LPI....47.2279R. 2279.
  71. ^ Views of the Solar System, "Dwarf Planet Ceres", Calvin J. Hamilton, 2009 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  72. ^ Talbert, Tricia (July 15, 2015). "The Icy Mountains of Pluto". NASA. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
  73. ^ a b Enchanted Learning Software, "Pluto", 2010 (accessed 2010-11-27)
  74. ^ a b Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society, "Eris: dwarf planet larger than Pluto", Mike Baldwin, 11 November 2006 (accessed 2010-11-27)
edit

See also

edit