Topics:
Effects of global warming on marine mammals
Induced seismicity
Carbon neutral fuels
Membrane gas separations
Lead section:
Induced seismicity refers to typically minor earthquakes and tremors that are caused by human activity that alters the stresses and strains on the Earth's crust. Most induced seismicity is of a low magnitude. A few sites regularly have larger quakes, such as The Geysers geothermal plant in California which averaged two M4 events and 15 M3 events every year from 2004 to 2009.[1] Results of ongoing multi-year research on induced earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) published in 2015 suggested that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma, such as the 1952 magnitude 5.7 El Reno earthquake may have been induced by deep injection of waste water by the oil industry. "Earthquake rates have recently increased markedly in multiple areas of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS), especially since 2010, and scientific studies have linked the majority of this increased activity to wastewater injection in deep disposal wells."[2][3][4][5][6][7]:2[8]
Induced seismicity can also be caused by the injection of carbon dioxide as the storage step of carbon capture and storage, which aims to sequester carbon dioxide captured from fossil fuel production or other sources in earth’s crust as a means of climate change mitigation. This effect has been observed in Oklahoma and Saskatchewan [9]
Though safe practices and existing technologies can be utilized to reduce the risk of induced seismicity due to injection of carbon dioxide, the risk is still significant if the storage is large in scale. The consequences of the induced seismicity could disrupt preexisting faults in the Earth’s crust as well as compromise the seal integrity of the storage locations. [10]
Sources:
[9]
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674775516301196
“Injection of large volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the purposes of greenhouse-gas emissions reduction has the potential to induce earthquakes. “
[10]
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/26/10164.short
“Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide”
Other plans and other sources: Create a section for induced seismicity due to CCS
Make a comparison of risks associated with natural gas storage/hydraulic fracturing/ wastewater injection and CO2 sequestration (use examples of Castor gas project in Spain or induced seismicity in Oklahoma due to wastewater injections)
Describe the importance of understanding induced seismicity due to storing CO2 because the volumes of fluids injected in the case of CCS largely exceed volumes associated with waste water injection (see Figure 1 Verdon, J.P. (2014), Significance for secure CO2 storage of earthquakes induced by fluid injection, 2014, Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 9, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/6/064022.)
Describe Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria and explain how underground injection can lead to an increase in normal stress, shear stress or pore fluid pressure changes leading to failure on an existing fault plane.
Verdon, J.P. and Stork, A.L. (2016), Carbon capture and storage, geomechanics and induced seismicity activity. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 8, Pages 928-935. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.06.004
Davis, S.D. and Frohlich, C. (1993), Did (or will) fluid injection cause earthquakes? - criteria for a rational assessment. Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 64, No.3-4., https://scits.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/207.full_.pdf
Riffault, J., Dempsey, D., Archer, R., Kelkar, S. and Karra, S. (2011), Understanding Poroelastic Stressing and Induced Seismicity with a Stochastic/Deterministic Model: an Application to an EGS Stimulation at Paralana, South Australia, 2011. 41st Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University. https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/GeoConf/papers/SGW/2016/Riffault.pdf
Monitoring techniques seismic monitoring arrays (Verdon, J.P. and Stork, A.L. (2016), Carbon capture and storage, geomechanics and induced seismicity activity. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 8, Pages 928-935. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2016.06.004) CO2 plume tracking in real time
Look more closely at this source: http://ieaghg.org/docs/General_Docs/Reports/2013-09.pdf Induced Seismicity and its implications for CO2 storage risks, 2013, IEA Environmental Projects Ltd.
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