Sobiab

Evolution of SCADA systems.

The four types of SCADA systems

There are different types of systems that can be considered as SCADA architectures.

First generation: monolithic SCADA systems

Previously, manufacturers have used minicomputers to optimize their processes and equipment.

At the time, monolithic SCADA systems were very popular and they did not use common network services. The systems were therefore independent, that is, one computer could not connect to other systems. The remote sites were connected through a backup mainframe system.

This ensured the redundancy of the first generation SCADA system. The monolithic concept was mainly used in the event of failure of the primary mainframe system. Use of this older form of SCADA system was limited to monitoring system sensors as well as signaling any operation if programmed alarm levels were exceeded.

Second generation: distributed SCADA systems

For this second generation of SCADA systems, the sharing of control functions is distributed among several systems connected to each other via a local area network (LAN). They were therefore called distributed SCADA systems.

Individual stations were used to share real-time information, process orders and perform monitoring tasks to raise alarm levels in the event of problems. What differentiates them from older systems is the reduced cost and size of the station.

Yet network protocols were not standardized, and the security of installations could only be determined by very few people other than developers. In other words, the security of the second generation SCADA installation has been ignored.

Third generation: networked SCADA systems

Current SCADA systems are now networked and can communicate over a Wide Area Network (WAN) over data lines or by telephone.

These systems typically use Ethernet or fiber optic connections to transmit data between nodes. They also use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) to monitor or adjust routine signaling systems for critical decisions.

While the first and second generation SCADA systems were limited to single networks or buildings, the third generation SCADA uses the Internet, often implying a security concern.

Fourth generation: SCADA 4.0 systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT)

The emergence of a fourth generation of SCADA systems has drastically reduced the cost of infrastructure through the adoption of IoT technology and cloud computing.

System integration and maintenance is therefore very easy compared to previous systems. The latest technological advancements in SCADA systems now allow real-time status reporting, the use of more complex control algorithms, and increased security of sensitive information in large enterprises.

In addition, these systems can be implemented on traditional PLCs.

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