Isimud (also Isimu;[1] Akkadian: Usmû; Hurrian: Izzummi[2]) was a Mesopotamian god regarded as the divine attendant (sukkal) of the god Enki (Ea). He was depicted with two faces. No references to temples dedicated to him are known, though ritual texts indicate he was worshiped in Uruk and Babylon. He was also incorporated into Hurrian religion and Hittite religion. In myths, he appears in his traditional role as a servant of Enki.
| Isimud | |
|---|---|
_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg) A cylinder seal from the Akkadian Period depicting the deities Inanna, Utu, Enki, and Isimud, who is characteristically shown with two faces. | |
| Major cult center | Uruk |
Name and character
editIsimud (cuneiform: dPAP.SIG7.NUN(.ME), dPAP.SIG7.NUN.ME.EZEN✕KASKAL; glossed i-si-mu in An = Anum) was the sukkal (divine “attendant”) of the god Enki (Ea).[3] He was also known under the Akkadian name Usmû.[2] Wilfred G. Lambert has noted that the latter resembles the adjective usumia, “two-faced”, which was used in omen texts, and on this basis concluded that the theonym was understood similarly, presumably through a folk etymology.[3] A Hurrian form of the name, Izzumi, is also attested.[2] It was originally considered uncertain if the names Isimud and Ara (dŠA) were two separate deities[3] It has been argued that the latter was only his variant name.[4] However, according to Julia Krul, based on Old Babylonian texts written in the Emesal dialect it can be now concluded that this name originally designated a female deity, who later came to be conflated with Isimud, possibly due to the influence of similar developments pertaining to Ninshubur.[5]
As a sukkal, Isimud was believed to act as an advisor, messenger and doorkeeper of his master.[6] However, as noted by Frans Wiggermann, similarly as the sukkals of other major city gods (for example Alammuš or Nuska) he most likely did not originate as a personification of a specific sphere of influence of his master, in contrast with deities such as Nimgir, deified lightning regarded as the sukkal of Ishkur.[7]
In art, Isimud was depicted as a figure with two faces, either standing alone or in introduction scenes with his master.[5] While most sukkals can only be identified in art because of their badge of office, a staff, Isimud on the account of his two faces is an exception, and it has been noted that he does not always hold this attribute.[8] His appearance has been compared to Roman Janus.[1] Depictions are known from between the Akkadian and Kassite periods.[5] According to Rainer Michael Boehmer, examples from the earliest period from which certain attestations are available are the most common.[9] Examples are also known from outside Mesopotamia, from Syria and the Hittite Empire.[5]
Worship
editAttestations of Isimud are available from between the Early Dynastic and Late Assyrian periods.[3] However, no temples dedicated to him are mentioned in known texts.[5]
In the first millennium BCE, Isimud received offerings in building rituals.[5] He was also one of the deities belonging to the local pantheon of Uruk in the Seleucid period.[10] It is not certain if he was already worshiped in this city in the Neo-Babylonian period,[5] though this possibility is accepted by Julia Krul.[10] According to Paul-Alain Beaulieu, the attestations are limited to two possible references in ritual texts, but the reading of the theonym is uncertain.[1] He speculates that since no references to a separate sanctuary dedicated to him have been identified, he might have been worshiped in the Eanna complex like many other minor deities.[11] Later on, a cella dedicated to him existed in the Bīt Rēš,[5] a newly built temple dedicated to Anu and Antu.[12] It was likely located near the main gate, but as there is no agreement which of the entrances fulfilled this role, two separate rooms discovered during excavations have been identified as Isimud’s dwelling, 48 and 79b (the latter alternatively assumed to be the cella of Kusu).[13] He might have been regarded as one of the divine guards of the temple complex, alongside Nuska, Papsukkal and Pisangunug.[14] While absent from legal texts and theophoric names, he is attested in ritual texts.[10] He is mentioned for example in descriptions of the akītu ceremony.[15] In this context, he forms a trio with Nuska and Papsukkal.[16]
Either in the Neo-Babylonian period or later, Isimud was also worshiped in Babylon, and appears in a ritual text in which priests follow him to various temples.[5] He is mentioned in a text describing a procession taking place on the fourth day of the month Kislīmu, which involved a slave riding on the back of a bull.[17]
Hurrian and Hittite reception
editIsimud was incorporated into the Hurrian pantheon as well.[18] According to Alfonso Archi, he was received by the Hurrians from Mesopotamia alongside Ea and his wife Damkina.[2] He was also among the Hurrian deities who were introduced to Hattusa.[19] Hittites similarly worshiped him alongside Ea.[20] A single theophoric name invoking him has been identified among the names of princes and officials of the Hittite Empire, in which only four other Hurrian deities, Ḫebat, Šarruma, Šauška and Teššub are otherwise attested.[21] During the AN.TAḪ.ŠUM festival, he received offerings of meat and bread, as well as ritual libations.[22]
Mythology
editIn myths, Isimud acts as an attendant of Enki (Ea).[5] He appears in the composition Inanna and Enki, where he informs his master that he handed over the me to the eponymous goddess while he was intoxicated,[23] and subsequently acts as a messenger, telling Inanna to return the mes to Enki or face the consequences.[24] He also appears in Enki and Ninhursag, where he navigates Enki's boat,[25] acts as his messenger and emissary,[24] and later cuts the plants Enki subsequently eats.[26] Further myths he plays a role in include Enki’s Journey to Nippur,[27] Ninurta and the Turtle,[28] Enūma Eliš, and Atraḫasīs, where he is tasked with informing the eponymous protagonist about the fate which will befall the world.[5] He also appears as Enki’s servant in the text The Heron and the Turtle.[29] While similar to the so-called "debate poems" such as Sheep and Grain, it is instead presumed to be a fable, though the full restoration of the plot is not impossible.[30] In Hurrian context he appears in the Song of LAMMA, where Ea instructs him to visit the eponymous deity because despite his newfound status as the “King in Heaven” (king of the gods) he did not hold any meetings of the divine assembly.[31] He also instructs him to go to the “Dark Earth” (the underworld) to bring a message to the deities Nara and Napšara.[32]
References
edit- ^ a b c Beaulieu 2003, p. 348.
- ^ a b c d Archi 2013, p. 10.
- ^ a b c d Lambert 1980, p. 179.
- ^ Peterson 2009, p. 48.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Krul 2018, p. 153.
- ^ Wiggermann 1987, p. 17.
- ^ Wiggermann 1987, p. 22.
- ^ Wiggermann 1987, p. 12.
- ^ Boehmer 1980, p. 180.
- ^ a b c Krul 2018, p. 72.
- ^ Beaulieu 2003, p. 325.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 25.
- ^ Krul 2018, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 66.
- ^ Krul 2018, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 65.
- ^ Linssen 2004, p. 93.
- ^ Otten 1980, p. 228.
- ^ Archi 2013a, p. 12.
- ^ Taracha 2009, p. 126.
- ^ Hutter 2020, p. 511.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 815.
- ^ Gadotti 2014, p. 37.
- ^ a b Black & Green 1992, p. 110.
- ^ Katz 2008, p. 325.
- ^ Katz 2008, p. 330.
- ^ Black 2006, p. 331.
- ^ Alster 2006, p. 19.
- ^ Black 2006, p. 238.
- ^ Black 2006, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Haas 2015, p. 98.
- ^ Archi 1990, p. 119.
Bibliography
edit- Alster, Bendt (2006). "Ninurta and the Turtle: On Parodia Sacra in Sumerian Literature". In Michalowski, Piotr; Veldhuis, Niek (eds.). Approaches to Sumerian literature: studies in honor of Stip (H.L.J. Vanstiphout). Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–36. doi:10.1163/9789047410683_004. ISBN 90-474-1068-8. OCLC 568279426. S2CID 239193990.
- Archi, Alfonso (1990). "The Names of the Primeval Gods". Orientalia. 59 (2). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 114–129. ISSN 0030-5367. JSTOR 43075881. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background". In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.). Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-11-6. OCLC 882106763.
- Archi, Alfonso (2013a). "The Anatolian Fate-Goddesses and their Different Traditions". Diversity and Standardization. De Gruyter. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1524/9783050057576.1. ISBN 978-3-05-005756-9.
- Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN 978-90-04-13024-1. OCLC 51944564.
- Black, Jeremy A. (2006). The Literature of Ancient Sumer. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, ISBN 0-7141-1705-6
- Boehmer, Rainer M. (1980), "Isimu B. In der Bildkunst", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2023-01-21
- Gadotti, Alhena (2014). Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld and the Sumerian Gilgamesh Cycle. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781614515456. ISBN 978-1-61451-708-5.
- Haas, Volkert (2015) [1994]. Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29394-6. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
- Hutter, Manfred (2020). "Personennamen der hethitischen Großreichszeit als Quellen religiöser Verhältnisse". In Kim, Ronald I.; Mynářová, Jana; Pavúk, Peter (eds.). Hrozný and Hittite: the first hundred years: proceedings of the International Conference held at Charles University, Prague, 11-14 November 2015 (in German). Leiden. pp. 506–517. doi:10.1163/9789004413122_029. ISBN 978-90-04-41311-5. OCLC 1110656861. S2CID 213863522.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Katz, Dina (2008). "Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two". Bibliotheca Orientalis. 65 (3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342. doi:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365. ISSN 0006-1913.
- Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. ISBN 9789004364936.
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), "Isimu A. Philologisch · Isimu A. Philological", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2023-01-21
- Linssen, Marc J. H. (2004). The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice. Leiden. ISBN 978-90-474-1233-5. OCLC 1294390148.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Otten, Heinrich (1980), "Izzummi", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2023-01-21
- Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86835-019-7. OCLC 460044951.
- Taracha, Piotr (2009). Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia. Dresdner Beiträge zur Hethitologie. Vol. 27. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3447058858.
- Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987). "The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II". Ex Oriente Lux. 29. Brill.