Uthman Beg or Osman Beg (Azerbaijani: قارا یولوق عثمان بیگ; Persian: قره یولوق عثمان بیگ; 1356 – 1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman[2] tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.
| Uthman Beg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leader of the Aq Qoyunlu | |||||
| Reign | 1378 – 1435 | ||||
| Predecessor | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Successor | Ali Beg | ||||
| Born | c. 1356 | ||||
| Died | 1435 (aged 79) | ||||
| Wives | Daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond Niece of Rustam ibn Tarkhan | ||||
| Issue | Known only: | ||||
| |||||
| Dynasty | Aq Qoyunlu | ||||
| Father | Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh | ||||
| Mother | Maria Comnene of Trebizond | ||||
Name
editHe was born Baha-ud-Din Uthman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning The Black Leech.[3] However, John E. Woods argues that this interpretation is doubtful since "leech" in modern Turkish is sülük, not yülük, which means cleanshaven or smooth.[4]: 39
Early life
editUthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born c. 1356.[4]: 34 According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin,[5][page needed] a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene.
He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from Erzinjan on the arrival of the Ottomans under Süleyman Çelebi.[3]
Reign
editWhen Timur invaded the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia, the Aq Qoyunlu sided with him in support and fought alongside the Timurids against the Ottomans. For his services, Uthman Beg was given Diyarbakır in 1402.[6] After this expedition, he tried to consolidate his dominance in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. In 1407, further increased his reputation by defeating Mamluk emirs. However, he failed against Qara Yusuf, who conquered Azerbaijan by defeating Timur's grandson Abu Bakr. In 1412, he was defeated by Qara Yusuf near Ergani. When he was defeated by Qara Yusuf again in 1417, he made a peace agreement with Qara Yusuf, which lasted one year. In 1418, he besieged and pillaged Mardin causing Qara Yusuf to march on him again. He was defeated and fled to Aleppo. Two years later, he besieged Erzincan and defeated Yakub, son of Qara Yusuf. In 1421, he tried to take Mardin again but was defeated by Qara Iskandar. He further expanded his territory by talking Urfa and Erzincan. He divided his land by giving Bayburt to his nephew Qutlu Beg, Tercan to his other nephew and Şebinkarahisar to his son Yaqub. He also took Harput from the Dulkadirids, which he gave to his son Ali Beg. In 1429, Mamluks plundered Urfa and its surrounding, and even captured one of Uthman's sons, Hâbil Beg, who died in the capital Cairo in 1430. The same year Mamluk Sultan Barsbay marched on Amid, however Mamluks did not achieve a significant success. In 1432, he conquered Mardin. In 1434, upon Qara Iskandar's plunder of Shirvan, Khalilullah I asked help from Uthman Beg. He besieged and took Erzurum from the Qara Qoyunlu and gave the city to his son Sheikh Hasan. In August 1435, he was defeated by Qara Iskandar in the vicinity of Erzurum, and died soon after.[7]
Legacy
editThe transformation of the Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederation into a regional power took place under Uthman Beg.[8] As he augmented his power, he also started to develop the foundations of a Perso-Islamic administration.[8] However, at the same time, he maintained a strong attachment to his own nomadic roots, as well to his Turkic roots from Central Asia.[8] This is exemplified in the occurrence where he urged his followers to respect the validating force of Oghuz heritage, quoting the yasak (a traditional body of unwritten laws) in the process.[8] This message of caution by Uthman Beg to his followers bears similarities to Genghis Khan's yasa, or the concept of the Mongol törah that Babur referred to when he made mention of some inherited Mongol traditions of his Timurid cousins.[8]
Uthman Beg also warned his followers not to adopt a sedentary city life, for he believed it would lead to the disappearance of "sovereignty, Turkishness and liberty".[9] Genghis Khan had once warned his Mongol followers with the same sort message.[9] These remarks by Uthman Beg were contemporaneous with Ottoman Sultan Murad II's attempts aimed at re-energizing his own dynasty's Central Asian Oghuz roots, which, in light of the devastating Ottoman defeat at Ankara, was deemed necessary by him in order to strengthen Ottoman authority.[10]
Uthman Beg's grandson Uzun Hasan would be the first Aq Qoyunlu ruler to openly disembark on a campaign aimed at transforming the Aq Qoyunlu tribal confederation into a Perso-Islamic sultanate.[10]
Family
editKnown sons:
References
edit- ^ İlhan Erdem - Akkoyunlu devletini meydana getiren aşiretler, s.256 Archived 2019-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
- ^ a b Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.
- ^ a b John E. Woods (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press.
- ^ ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey
- ^ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.
- ^ Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "AKKOYUNLULAR XV. yüzyılda Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1340-1514).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
- ^ a b c d e Dale, Stephen Frederic (2020). "Turks, Turks and türk Turks: Anatolia, Iran and India in Comparative Perspective". In Peacock, A.C.S.; McClary, Richard Piran (eds.). Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill. p. 72.
- ^ a b Dale, Stephen Frederic (2020). "Turks, Turks and türk Turks: Anatolia, Iran and India in Comparative Perspective". In Peacock, A.C.S.; McClary, Richard Piran (eds.). Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill. pp. 72–73.
- ^ a b Dale, Stephen Frederic (2020). "Turks, Turks and türk Turks: Anatolia, Iran and India in Comparative Perspective". In Peacock, A.C.S.; McClary, Richard Piran (eds.). Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections. Brill. p. 73.
- ^ İlhan Erdem - Akkoyunlu devletini meydana getiren aşiretler, s.256 Archived 2019-03-26 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
edit- Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.