Vachaspati Mishra (IAST: Vācaspati Miśra), was a ninth or tenth century[1][2][3] Indian Hindu philosopher of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, who wrote bhashya (commentaries) on key texts of almost every 9th-century school of Hindu philosophy.[4][3] He also wrote an independent treatise on grammar, Tattvabindu, or Drop of Truth, which focuses on Mīmāṃsā theories of sentence meaning.
Vāchaspati Miśra | |
|---|---|
| Personal | |
| Born | 9th/10th century CE[1][2][3] |
| Died | unknown, 9th/10th century CE[1] |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Spouse | Bhamati |
| Organization | |
| Philosophy | Advaita Vedanta, Hinduism |
Biography
editVāchaspati Misra was born into a Maithil Brahmin family in Andhra Tharhi, Madhubani, Bihar.[5][3] Little is known about Vāchaspati Miśra's life, and the earliest text that has been dated with certainty is from 840 CE, and he was at least one generation younger than Adi Śaṅkara.[2] However, an alternate date for the same text may be 976 CE, according to some scholars; a confusion that is based on whether Hindu Śaka or Vikrama era calendar is used for the dating purposes.[3]
He was a student of Maṇḍana Miśra, who was his main inspirator. He harmonised Shankara's thought with that of Mandana Miśra.[6][web 1] According to Advaita tradition, Shankara reincarnated as Vachaspati Miśra "to popularise the Advaita System through his Bhamati."[7]
He wrote so broadly on various branches of Indian philosophy that later Indian scholars called him the "one for whom all systems are his own", or in Sanskrit, a sarva-tantra-sva-tantra.[8]
Bhamati school
editThe Bhamati school, named after Vāchaspati Miśra's commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya,[web 1][web 2] takes an ontological approach. It sees the Jiva as the source of avidya.[web 1] It sees meditation as the main factor in the acquirement of liberation, while the study of the Vedas and reflection are additional factors.[9]
Works
editBhāṣya
editVāchaspati Miśra was a prolific scholar and his writings are extensive, including bhasyas (commentaries) on key texts of almost every 9th-century school of Hindu philosophy, with notes on non-Hindu or nāstika traditions such as Buddhism and Charvaka.[4][3]
Vāchaspati Miśra wrote the Bhamati, a commentary on Shankara's Brahma Sutra Bhashya, and the Brahmatattva-samiksa, a commentary on Mandana Mishra's Brahma-siddhi. It is believed that the name of his most famous work "Bhāmatī" was inspired by his devout wife.[citation needed]
He wrote other influential commentaries, such as Tattvakaumudi on Sāṃkhyakārika;[10] Nyāyasucinibandha on Nyāya-sūtras;[1] Nyāyakānika (an Advaita work on science of reason), Tattvasamikṣa (lost work), Nyāya-vārttika-tātparyaṭīkā (a subcommentary on the Nyāya-sūtras), Tattva-vaiśāradī on Yogasūtra, and others.[3]
While some known works of Vāchaspati Miśra are now lost, numerous others exist. Over ninety medieval era manuscripts, for example, in different parts of India have been found of his Tattvakaumudi, which literally means "Moonlight on the Truth".[3] This suggests that his work was sought and influential. A critical edition of Tattvakaumudi was published by Srinivasan [who?] in 1967.[3]
Tattvabindu - theory of meaning
editIn Tattvabindu Vachaspati Mishra develops principles of hermeneutics, and discusses the "Theory of Meaning" for the Mīmāṃsā school of Hindu philosophy.[3] This is an influential work, and attempted to resolve some of the interpretation disputes on classical Sanskrit texts. Vāchaspati examines five competing theories of linguistic meaning:[8][11]
- Mandana Misra's (sphoṭavāda), which involves grasping the meaning of a word or sentence by perceiving a sphoṭa or single holistic sound, which is distinct from the elements (sounds or characters) that make up the word or sentence;
- the Nyāya theory which involves concatenating the memory traces (saṃskāra) of momentary components of a word or sentence when we hear the final momentary component;
- the similar Mīmāmsā theory, according to which our grasp of the meaning of a sentence lies in the memory traces created by the words; and
- the Prābhākara Mīmāmsā theory, anvitābhidhānavāda, "the view on which denotation is constituted by what is connected." On this view, sentence-meaning is derived from the meanings of its words, which is fully given only by syntactic relations with the other words — no sphoṭa or memory traces are required; and
- the Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā theory, abhihitānvayavāda, or "the view on which connection (anvaya) is constituted by what has been denoted." On this view, word-meaning is denoted entirely first (abhihita) and then individual word-meanings are connected by means of lakṣaṇā (implication). Vāchaspati concurs with the Bhāṭṭa view, when he employs in other contexts, such as the Nyāya sub-commentary, the Nyāya-vārttika-tātparya-ṭīkā, and the Tattva-vaiśāradī.[8]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Fowler 2002, p. 129.
- ^ a b c Isaeva 1993, p. 85-86.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Larson & Bhattacharya 1987, p. 301-312.
- ^ a b Chatterji 1912, p. vi.
- ^ Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-301-4.
- ^ Roodurmun 2002, p. 35.
- ^ Roodurmun 2002, p. 34.
- ^ a b c Phillips 2015.
- ^ Roodurmun 2002, p. 37.
- ^ Isaeva 1993, p. 124].
- ^ Ranganath 1999.
Sources
edit- Chatterji, Jagadisha Chandra (1912). Hindu Realism.
- Isaeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. USA: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7.
- Fowler, Jeaneane (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943
- Larson, Gerald James; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (1987), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press
- Phillips, Stephen (2015). "Seeing From the Other's Point of View: Counter the Schismatic Interpretation of Vācaspati Miśra" (PDF). APA Newsletter: Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies. 14:2: 4–8.
- Ranganath, S. (1999). Contribution of Vācaspati Miśra to Indian Philosoph. Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan.
- Roodurmun, Pulasth Soobah (2002), Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
- Web-sources
- ^ a b c The Bhamati and Vivarana Schools
- ^ Rajesh Anand, Vachaspati Mishra Archived 3 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
edit- S.S. Hasurkar, Vācaspati Miśra on Advaita Vedanta. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies, 1958.
- Karl H. Potter, "Vācaspati Miśra" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.]. A Companion to the Philosophers. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. ISBN 0-631-22967-1)
- J.N. Mohanty, Classican Indian Philosophy. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000. ISBN 0-8476-8933-6
- V.N. Sheshagiri Rao, Vācaspati's Contribution to Advaita. Mysore: Samvit Publishers, 1984.
External links
edit- Vachaspati Mishra’s commentary on the Yoga Sutras English translation and Sanskrit text
- Bibliography of Vācaspati Mishra's works, Item 530, Karl Potter, University of Washington