Vadakkan Pattukal (lit. 'the ballads of the north') are a collection of Malayalam ballads from the medieval period (12th-20th century).[1][2] The genre as a whole represents the sentiment of vira, or the heroic, through its depictions of "valour and sacrifice."[3]
Contents
editThe songs present stories of heroes such as Aromal Chekavar and Thacholi Othenan, and heroines like Unniyarcha. The stories centre round the fortunes of two families, Puthooram family and Thacholi Manikkoth family. Though two families belong to two different communities Thiyyar and Nair respectively, they share in common the martial traditional. The chief among the Thiyyar chieftains of Puthooram was Aromal Chekavar, who had been killed by Chanthu in his first duel (Ankam). His sister Attumanamel Unniyarcha, is equally adept in the use of arms. The exploits of the Nair chieftain Thacholi Othenan belonging to the Thacholi family form the theme of several ballads. Thacholi Chandu, Palattu Komappan, Putumada Kelu, Karumparambil Kannan are some of the other warriors who figure in the ballads. [4][5] They exemplify the heights of folk-poetry and are also sometimes associated with deities. Almost all these ballads show strong connections to Kalaripayattu. The oldest compositions do not date earlier than 16th century but their idiom and vocabulary seem older.[6][need quotation to verify][7][need quotation to verify] However, like any other oral cultural forms that are sung by communities even today, these songs show great flexibility and a repetitive pattern in their lexicon that is typical of the simplicity of folksongs in general.[8][page needed][need quotation to verify]
References
edit- ^ Menon (2011), p. 81.
- ^ Narayanan (2003), p. 20.
- ^ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. Sahitya Akademi. 1997. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
- ^ Ayyappa Paniker, K. (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections. ISBN 9788126003655.
- ^ Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus. ISBN 9780190992071.
- ^ Sujit Mukherjee, A Dictionary of Indian Literature (Orient Longman Publications, 1998, ISBN 81-250-1453-5), page 406
- ^ Vadakkan and Thekkan Pattukal.(Sri Rama Vilasom Press, 1967), pages 128–148
- ^ Rakhava Warrier, Vadakkan pattukalude Paniyala 1982 Vallathol Vidhyapeedom Press
Sources
edit- Menon, A. Sreedhara (4 March 2011). Kerala History and its Makers. D C Books. ISBN 978-81-264-3782-5. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
- Narayanan, M.T. (2003), Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar, Northern Book Centre