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Vancouver Island marmot

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The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is a species of marmot endemic to Vancouver Island, in British Columbia.[3] It is one of only five land mammals endemic to Canada.[4]

Vancouver Island marmot
In Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, British Columbia, Canada

Critically Imperiled  (NatureServe)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Marmota
Subgenus: Marmota (Petromarmota)
Species:
M. vancouverensis
Binomial name
Marmota vancouverensis
(Swarth, 1911)
  Current distribution
  Former distribution

Distribution

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M. vancouverensis lives above 1000 metres elevation in meadows that face south to west, and habitat scarceness is believed to be the primary reason for its rarity.[5][6]

Marmot surveys have been conducted on Vancouver Island since 1979. Beginning in the 1980s, this species experienced an 80% to 90% decline in population, such that by 2006 only 32 adults remained in the wild.[7] Since that time, the population has begun to increase as a result of an ongoing program to restore wild populations of this unique Canadian species.[8][9] As of the fall of 2021, there were just over 250 wild marmots living in 25 colonies distributed between two metapopulations, and one isolated colony at Steamboat Mountain.[10]

Description

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Vancouver Island marmot skull

M. vancouverensis is typical of marmots in phenotype. It can however be distinguished from other marmots by its chocolate brown fur and contrasting white patches.[3] The only species of marmot endemic to Vancouver Island,[11] it apparently evolved rapidly since the retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet some 10,000 years ago.[12] It is distinct from other marmot species in terms of morphology,[13] genetics,[14] behaviour,[15] and ecology.[16]

An adult Vancouver Island marmot typically measures 65 to 70 centimetres from the tip of its nose to the tip of its tail. However, weights show tremendous seasonal variation. An adult female that weighs 3 kilograms when she emerges from hibernation in late April can weigh 4.5 to 5.5 kg by the onset of hibernation in late September or October. Adult males can be even larger, reaching weights of over 7.5 kg. In general, marmots lose about one-third of their body mass during the six-and-a-half months in which they hibernate during winter.[17]

Behaviour

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Like all marmots, the Vancouver Island marmot is exclusively herbivorous. Over 30 varieties of plants have been observed being consumed by marmots on Vancouver Island, who typically switch from grasses in the early spring to plants like lupines in the late summer.[18] Marmots hibernate for various amounts of time depending upon site characteristics and weather conditions. Wild Vancouver Island marmots hibernate, on average, for about 210 days of the year, generally from late September or early October until late April or early May. They generally hibernate for shorter periods in captivity.[19]

Vancouver Island marmots typically first breed at three or four years of age, although some have been observed to breed as two-year-olds.[20] Male marmots have been noticed to mate with 2 or more females during mating season.[21] Marmots breed soon after emergence from hibernation. Gestation is thought to be approximately 30–35 days. Litter sizes average 1–6 pups every other year, and weaned pups generally emerge above ground for the first time in early July.[21]

Conservation status

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Causes of marmot population declines are numerous. Over the long term (i.e., periods involving thousands of years), climate changes have caused both increases and declines of open alpine habitat that constitute suitable marmot habitat.[22] Over more recent time scales, population dynamics may have been influenced by short-term weather patterns and systematic changes in the landscape. In particular, forest clearcutting at low elevations[23] likely altered dispersal patterns. Sub-adult marmots typically disperse from the subalpine meadows in which they were born. Dispersal involves traversing lowland conifer forests and valleys to other subalpine meadows. However, clearcutting has provided marmots with new open areas which constitute habitat. Unfortunately, rapid forest regeneration makes such man-made habitats unsuitable over a few years. One study concluded that clearcuts therefore act as a kind of population "sink" in which long-term reproduction and survival rates are reduced to the point of unsustainability[20] One 2005 study concluded the main cause of recent decline to be predation "associated with forestry and altered predator abundance and hunting patterns".[24] This study also revealed seasonal variations in mortality rates, where the probability of death was low during hibernation, and high in August.[24] Major predators upon Vancouver Island marmots include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), cougars (Puma concolor) and wolves (Canis lupus).[25]

The population crash may also be due to the Allee effect, named after zoologist Warder Clyde Allee. Allee proposed that social animals require a critical mass in order to survive, because survival requires group activities such as warning of predators and migration. A decline below that threshold precipates rapid decline. Ecologist Justin Brashares suggests that at least some of the marmot's group behavior is learned, so that the loss of marmot "culture" has caused them to become more solitary, and interact aggressively rather than cooperatively when they do encounter each other.[26]

The Vancouver Island marmot remains one of the world's rarest mammals. By 1997 their population had declined to the point that it became necessary to capture several individuals to create a "genetic lifeboat" for the eventual restoration of the wild population. The first marmots went to Toronto Zoo in 1997, and others were later sent to the Calgary Zoo and Mountainview Conservation and Breeding Centre in Langley, BC.[27]

In 1998 a new model for species recovery was developed involving the collaboration of government, private industry and public donors. A census in late 2003 resulted in a count of only 21 wild marmots known to be present on four mountains of Vancouver Island. After these findings, marmots were released from captivity in different places to try to get the population back up to a reasonable number.

These marmots are still classified as endangered.[28] The cumulative captive breeding program has steadily grown, with 130 individuals in captivity (2010) and 442 weaned pups born in captivity since 2000. A number of individuals have been released to Strathcona Provincial Park, Mount Cain, Mount Washington and more southern mountains. The Marmot Recovery Foundation has built a dedicated marmot facility on Mount Washington to further facilitate captive breeding and pre-release conditioning. Between 2003 and 2010, the Marmot Recovery Foundation and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment have released 308 marmots back into the wild.[29] More releases are expected in the upcoming years to increase the wild population, estimated at 250–300 individuals in 2010, and 350–400 individuals in 2013. The wild population was counted at 250 in 2021.[30] Due to conservation and recovery efforts, the population of Vancouver Island marmots has significantly increased since 2003. Nevertheless, Vancouver Island marmot populations continue to fluctuate due to natural events as well as increased predation.[31]

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Based on genetic analyses, the closest relatives of the Vancouver Island marmot are the hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) and the Olympic marmot (Marmota olympus).[32] There is some debate, on genetic grounds, about which of the two nearby mainland species is most closely related to the Vancouver Island marmot or when marmots first arrived on the island.[33] The differences in DNA observed between species is small. In 2009, Nagorsen and Cardini identified, from museum specimens, substantial physical differences between species that can only be explained by rapid evolution in a relatively isolated island context.[34]

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Because of their endangered status, Vancouver Island marmots have become a conservation symbol in British Columbia.

In 2023 the Vancouver Island marmot was featured on a United States Postal Service forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.[39]

References

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  1. ^ Roach, N. (2017). "Marmota vancouverensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12828A22259184. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12828A22259184.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
  3. ^ a b Canada, Environment and Climate Change (6 December 2019). "Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis): COSEWIC assessment and status report 2019". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-22.
  4. ^ "Hide and seek: The race to save the Vancouver Island Marmot". canadiangeographic.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  5. ^ Bryant, A.A. & D.W. Janz (1996). "Distribution and abundance of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (4): 667–677. doi:10.1139/z96-075.
  6. ^ Milko, R.J. & A.M. Bell (1986). "Subalpine meadow vegetation of south central Vancouver Island". Canadian Journal of Botany. 64 (4): 815. doi:10.1139/b86-106.
  7. ^ Brashares, Justin S.; Werner, Jeffery R.; Sinclair, A. R. E. (2010). "Social 'meltdown' in the demise of an island endemic: Allee effects and the Vancouver Island marmot: Allee effects and the decline of the V.I. marmot". Journal of Animal Ecology. 79 (5): 965–973. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01711.x. PMID 20546064.
  8. ^ Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team (2008). "Recovery Strategy for the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) in British Columbia" (PDF). Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Environment. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  9. ^ Janz Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Team (2004). "National Recovery Plan for the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) in British Columbia" (PDF). Victoria, BC: B.C. Ministry of Environment. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  10. ^ Marmot Recovery Foundation (2021). "The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)". Nanaimo, BC. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  11. ^ Nagorsen, D.W (1987). "Marmota vancouverensis". Mammalian Species (270): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503862. JSTOR 3503862.
  12. ^ Nagorsen, D.W. & A. Cardini (2009). "Tempo and mode of evolutionary divergence in modern and Holocene Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 47 (3): 258. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00503.x.
  13. ^ Cardini, A.; Thorington, R.W. Jr & Polly, P.D (2007). "Evolutionary acceleration in the most endangered mammal of Canada: speciation and divergence in the Vancouver Island marmot (Rodentia, Sciuridae)". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (5): 1833–46. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01398.x. PMID 17714301. S2CID 13288283.
  14. ^ Kruckenhauser, L.; W. Pinsker; E. Haring & W. Arnold (1999). "Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 37: 49–56. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x.
  15. ^ Blumstein D.T. (1999). "Alarm calling in three species of marmots". Behaviour. 136 (6): 731–757. doi:10.1163/156853999501540.
  16. ^ Bryant, A.A. (1998). Metapopulation ecology of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Victoria (Victoria, BC).
  17. ^ "Animal Profile – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation". Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  18. ^ Martell, Arthur M.; Milko, Robert J. (1986). "Seasonal diets of Vancouver Island Marmots, Marmota vancouverensis". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 100 (2): 241–245. doi:10.5962/p.355598. ISSN 0008-3550.
  19. ^ Bryant, A.A. & M. McAdie (2003). "Hibernation ecology of wild and captive Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)" (PDF). In R. Ramousse; D. Allaine & M. Le Berre (eds.). Adaptive Strategies and Diversity in Marmots. Lyon, France: International Marmot Network. pp. 159–166. Retrieved 2009-07-14.
  20. ^ a b Bryant A.A (1996). "Reproduction and persistence of Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) in natural and logged habitats" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (4): 678–687. doi:10.1139/z96-076.
  21. ^ a b "Animal Profile – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation". Retrieved 2023-09-21.
  22. ^ Hebda, R.J.; O. McDadi & D. Mazzucchi (2005). "History of habitat and the decline of the Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)" (PDF). In T.D. Hooper (ed.). Proceedings of the Species at Risk 2004 Pathways to Recovery Conference. Victoria, B.C. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  23. ^ Wilson, E.O: "The Future of Life", p. 52. Little, Brown, 2002
  24. ^ a b Bryant, A.A. & R.E. Page (2005). "Timing and causes of mortality in the endangered Vancouver Island Marmot (Marmota vancouverensis)" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 83 (5): 674–682. doi:10.1139/z05-055.
  25. ^ Aaltonen, K.; A.A. Bryant; J.A. Hostetler & M.K. Oli (2009). "Reintroducing endangered Vancouver Island marmots: Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of captive-born versus wild-born individuals". Biological Conservation. 142 (10): 2181. Bibcode:2009BCons.142.2181A. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.019.
  26. ^ Platt, John. "Marmot meltdown averted: Vancouver Island species on the brink of extinction regaining social bonds". Scientific American. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  27. ^ Bryant, A.A. (2007). Soorae PS (ed.). "Recovery efforts for Vancouver Island marmots, Canada" (PDF). Re-introduction News. 26. IUCN: 30–32.
  28. ^ COSEWIC (2008). "COSEWIC assessment and updated status report on the Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) in Canada". Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
  29. ^ "Toronto Zoo>Conservation>Mammals". Retrieved 2009-09-22.
  30. ^ "Helping to bring Vancouver Island marmots back from edge of extinction". 27 February 2022.
  31. ^ BJORKMAN, ANNE D.; VELLEND, MARK (2010). "Defining Historical Baselines for Conservation: Ecological Changes Since European Settlement on Vancouver Island, Canada". Conservation Biology. 24 (6): 1559–1568. Bibcode:2010ConBi..24.1559B. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01550.x. PMID 20586787. S2CID 9073405.
  32. ^ Steppan, S.J.; Akhverdyan, M.R.; Lyapunova, E.A.; Fraser, D.G.; Vorontsov, N.N.; Hoffmann, R.S. & Braun, M.J (1999). "Molecular phylogeny of the marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): Tests of evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses". Systematic Biology. 48 (4): 715–34. doi:10.1080/106351599259988. PMID 12066297.
  33. ^ Kruckenhauser L, Pinsker W, Haring E, Arnold W (1999). "Marmot phylogeny revisited: molecular evidence for a diphyletic origin of sociality". J Zool Syst Evol Res. 37: 49–56. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.1999.95100.x.
  34. ^ Nagorsen D.; Cardini A. (2009). "Tempo and mode of evolutionary divergence in modern and Holocene Vancouver Island marmots (Marmota vancouverensis) (Mammalia, Rodentia)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 47 (3): 258–267. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00503.x.
  35. ^ "Van Isle marmots bundling up for prolonged winter, regular forecaster misses annual assignment". NanaimoNewsNOW. Retrieved 5 December 2021. Violet lives at Mount Washington but had a malfunction in her tracker battery so members of the foundation haven't been able to keep tabs on her since the summer.
  36. ^ Letterio, Amandalina (2021-02-02). "Vancouver Island marmots predict a longer winter - BC News". castanet.net. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  37. ^ "Van Isle groundhog Violet delivers her 2020 Groundhogs Day Prediction – The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Foundation". marmots.org. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  38. ^ "B.C.'s own groundhog Van Isle Violet predicts long winter". INFOnews. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  39. ^ "Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species". United States Postal Service. April 19, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.

Further reading

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  • Bryant, Andrew; Don Blood. "Vancouver Island marmot" (PDF). Retrieved 14 July 2009.. Species at Risk series, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Victoria, February 1999. 6 pp.
  • Champan, Joseph A., and George A. Feldhamer, eds. Wild Mammals of North America. The Johns Hopkins UP, 1982.
  • Markels, Alex (May 2004). "Last stand". Audubon Magazine. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
  • Michael, Huchins, ed. "Vancouver Island Marmot." Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopidia. 16 vols. Gale, 2004.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Wilson, Don E., and Sue Ruff, eds. The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1999.
  • "Vancouver Island Marmot." World Book Encyclopedia. 13th ed. Chicago: World Book Incorporated, 2008.
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