The Varman dynasty (Khmer: រាជវង្សវរ្ម័ន) was the ruling dynasty of ancient Cambodia.
| Varman dynasty រាជវង្សវរ្ម័ន | |
|---|---|
| Parent family | House of Kaundinya (lunar) House of Kambuj (solar) House of Mahidharapura |
| Country | Funan Chenla Khmer Empire |
| Etymology | Varman |
| Founded | late 1st century |
| Founder | Kaundinyavarmandeva |
| Final head | Jayavarmadiparamesvara |
| Historic seat | Vyadhapura |
| Titles | King of Funan King of Chenla King of the Khmer Empire |
| Members | 55 |
| Connected members | Jayavarman II Suryavarman II Jayavarman VII |
| Estate(s) | Yasodharapura |
| Dissolution | 1336 |
| Cadet branches | House of Mahidharapura |
History
editThe Varman Dynasty was established by King Kaundinyavarmandeva (Khmer: កៅណ្ឌិន្យវរ្ម័នទេវ), who married Queen Soma (Khmer: សោមា), who ruled the indigenous kingdom and established her spouse as the king of the Nokor Phnom or Funan kingdom, forming the Varman dynasty. There is evidence in the Sanskrit stone inscription mentioning that the Brahmin Kaundinya who received the magic spear from the Brahmin Ashwatthama (Sanskrit: अश्वत्थामा, Roman: Aśvatthāmā), the son of Drona (Sanskrit: द्रोण, Roman: Droṇa), had arrived in the kingdom of the Nāga (IAST: nāga; Devanāgarī: नाग) tribe and had finally waged a war and negotiated with them peacefully. Through marriage, Kaundinya Brahmin therefore was established as King Kaundinyavarmandeva (Khmer: កៅណ្ឌិន្យទី១), the first King of the Varman Dynasty.[1]
Zhou Daguan, the Chinese diplomat during the reign Emperor Nian Chengzong of the Nguyen dynasty traveled to Angkor in 1296 to record the traditions and places, including the royal family and court traditions which corresponds to the reign of King Indravarman III (ឥន្ទ្រវរ្ម័នទី៣). Zhou Daquan was not the first Chinese to enter the kingdom but made the most detailed record of the lives of the Angkorians known as Zhenla Feng Tuji (Chenla Tradition Record). This record is an important record about Angkor and the Khmer Empire. In addition to the stone inscriptions and other documents depicting the daily lives of the residents of Angkor. From this record, the order of kings in the Varman dynasty is known in detail, which later became the original version of the Cambodian royal chronicles.[2][3]
Monarchs of the Varman dynasty
edit| Kingdom | Title | Reign | Royal House | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Funan Kingdom | Queen Soma (Liu-Yeh) | late 1st cent. | ||
| Funan Kingdom | Kaundinyavarmandeva | late 1st cent. | ||
| Funan Kingdom | Hun P'an-huang | late 2nd cent. | Fàn dynasty | Founder of Vyadhapura, "city of the hunter king"[4] |
| Funan Kingdom | Srei Meara (Fàn Shīmàn) | 205–225 | Fàn dynasty | He was the first king from Fàn dynasty. |
| Funan Kingdom | Fàn Jīnshēng | 225 | Fàn dynasty | |
| Funan Kingdom | Fàn Zhān | 225–244 | Fàn dynasty | |
| Funan Kingdom | Fàn Chāng | 244 | Fàn dynasty | |
| Funan Kingdom | Fàn Xún | 244–289 | Fàn dynasty | |
| Funan Kingdom | Fàn Tiānzhú | 289–357 | Fàn dynasty | |
| Funan Kingdom | Chandana (Chu Chān-t’án) | 357–410 | Murunda | |
| Funan Kingdom | Kaundinya II | 410~434 | Kaundinya | |
| Funan Kingdom | Srindravarman | 434~478 | Kaundinya | |
| Funan Kingdom | Kaundinyajayavarman | 478 - 514 | Kaundinya | |
| Funan Kingdom | Rudravarman I | 514—540 | Kaundinya | The last Funan King |
| Funan Kingdom | Queen Kulaprabhavati | 514—517 | Kaundinya | Claimed to the throne (529—550) |
| Sreshthapura | Srutavarman | 550–555 | Kambuj | |
| Sreshthapura | Sreshthavarman | 555–560 | Kambuj | |
| Sreshthapura | Queen Kambujarajalakshmi | 575–580 | Kambuj | |
| Bhavapura | Viravarman | 560–575 | Bhavapura | |
| Chenla Kingdom | Bhavavarman I | 550—590 | Bhavapura | First King of the Chenla Kingdom |
| Chenla Kingdom | Mahendravarman | 590—611 | Bhavapura | |
| Chenla Kingdom | Hiranyavarman I | ~611 | Bhavapura | He reigned at the same time as Mahendravarman. |
| Chenla Kingdom (Isanapura) |
Isanavarman I | 611–640 | Vyadhapura | Isanapura was found in 618 AD. Annexation of Funan was complete. |
| Chenla Kingdom | Bhavavarman II | 639–657 | Vyadhapura | |
| Chenla Kingdom | Jayavarman I | 640—681 | Vyadhapura | |
| Chenla Kingdom | Queen Jayadevi | 690—713 | Vyadhapura | |
| Sambhupura | Sambhuvarman I | 713–716 | Sambhupura | |
| Aninditapura | Baladítya | Unknown | Baladityapura | Founder of Baladityapura |
| Aninditapura | Visvarupa | Unknown | Baladityapura | |
| Aninditapura | Nripatindravarman | Unknown | Baladityapura | |
| Aninditapura | Indraloka | 716–730 | Baladityapura | |
| Aninditapura | Sambhuvarman II | 730–760 | Baladityapura | |
| Sambhupura | Rajendravarman I | 760–790 | Baladityapura | |
| Sambhupura | Mahipativarman | 790-802 | Baladityapura | Javanese Kingdom occupied the Chenla Kingdom. |
| Khmer Empire (Indrapura) |
Jayavarman II | 802—850 | House of Sambhupura | First King of Khmer Empire, declared himself as Emperor at Mahendraparvata. |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavardhana | 850–877 | Sambhupura | He reigned the throne at Hariharalaya. |
| Khmer Empire | Indravarman I | 877–889 | Baladityapura | He reigned the throne at Hariharalaya. |
| Khmer Empire | Yasovarman I | 889—910 | Yasodharapura | Founder of Yasodharapura |
| Khmer Empire | Harshavarman I | 910–925 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Ishanavarman II | 925–928 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman IV | 928–941 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Harshavarman II | 941–944 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Rajendravarman II | 944–968 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman V | 968–1001 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Udayadityavarman I | 1001–1002 | Yasodharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayaviravarman (Narapativiravarman) |
1002—1010 | Yasodharapura | Suryavarman I was son of King Jivaka of Shailendra dynasty, who usurped the throne. |
| Khmer Empire | Suryavarman I (Kambojaraja) |
1002—1050 | Shailendra | His father was Jivaka (Sujitaraja), King of Tam-bralinga. He claimed the throne through his mother, a royal member descended from Fàn dynasty. |
| Khmer Empire | Udayadityavarman II | 1050-1066 | Shailendra | |
| Khmer Empire | Harshavarman III | 1066-1088 | Shailendra | |
| Khmer Empire | Nripatindravarman | 1088–1113 | Shailendra | He was the last king from Shailendra dynasty. |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman VI | 1082–1107 | House of Mahidharapura | He usurped the throne from Vimayapura. He was the first king from the House of Mahidharapura. He built Prasat Phimai. |
| Khmer Empire | Dharanindravarman I | 1107–1113 | Mahidharapura | He reigned the throne from Vimayapura. |
| Khmer Empire | Suryavarman II | 1113–1145 | Mahidharapura | He was the first king from the House of Mahidharapura, who reigned in Yasodharapura. |
| Khmer Empire | Dharanindravarman II | 1150–1160 | Mahidharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Yasovarman II | 1160–1165 | House of Mahidharapura | He was seized the throne by King Tribhuvanadityavarman, a Chinese nobleman. |
| Khmer Empire | Tribhuvanadityavarman | 1165–1177 | He was executed during Champa attacked Angkor. | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman VII | 1181~1215 | House of Mahidharapura | He successfully expelled Champa and established Angkor Thom as the capital. |
| Khmer Empire | Indravarman II | ~1215-1243 | Mahidharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman VIII | 1243–1295 | Mahidharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Srindravarman | 1295–1307 | Mahidharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Srindrajayavarman | 1308–1327 | Mahidharapura | |
| Khmer Empire | Jayavarman Paramesvara | 1327–1336 | House of Mahidharapura | The last King of Cambodia whose name appears on a Sanskrit stone inscription End of rule by the House of Mahidharapura |
References
edit- ^ Kaundinya,Preah thong,and_the "Nagi Soma" jstor.org.com
- ^ Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossab
- ^ Zhou Daguan (2007). A Record of Cambodia. Translated by Peter Harris. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-9749511244.
- ^ Hall, K. R. (1982). The “Indianization” of Funan: An Economic History of Southeast Asia's First State. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 13(1), 81–106. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20070472