April 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum
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A referendum on convening a Constituent Assembly was held in Venezuela on 25 April 1999.[1] It was promoted by President Hugo Chávez, with voters asked two questions on convening a National Constituent Assembly and how that body should be elected. Both proposals were approved by over 80% of voters.
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| Do you convene a National Constituent Assembly with the purpose of transforming the State and create a new legal system that allows the effective functioning of a social and participatory democracy? | ||
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| Do you authorize the President of the Republic so that after hearing the opinion of the political, social and economic sectors, the Government Act establishes the bases of an electoral process in which the members of the Constituent Assembly will be elected? | ||
 Results by state | ||
Background
editIn the 1998 presidential election campaign Chávez campaigned on replacing the legal system and the constitution of 1961. A National Constituent Assembly would be elected and have powers to draft a new constitution within six months. Once the Assembly was installed, its members would be required to discuss the new structure, principles and articles of the future constitution with all sectors of society. Once the text was approved, revised article by article, the National Constituent Assembly would deliver the draft constitution to the national executive, which would be responsible for convening by decree a second referendum to approve the new constitution.[citation needed]
Participating parties and organizations
editAlthough Chávez had promised to seek the support of the opposition-dominated Congress before starting the process, on his first day as president he called for a referendum to determine whether a new constitution should be drafted using a method he had proposed.[2] According to statements made at the time by the head of the Movement for Socialism parliamentary group, Chávez's main ally in Congress, apparently even they had not been informed of this step beforehand.[3]
Two "poles" formed: the Patriotic Pole supporting the decree and the Democratic Pole opposing it. The Patriotic Pole consisted of the Fifth Republic Movement, the Movement for Socialism, Fatherland for All, the Communist Party of Venezuela, and the People's Electoral Movement.
The opposition was caught divided:[4] Copei, Justice First and former presidential candidate Irene Sáez, who had just formed an alliance with the Chavistas in the Nueva Esparta state, supported the decree,[3][5] while Henrique Salas Römer's Project Venezuela and Democratic Action (AD) criticized the manner in which Chávez was leading the process, arguing that it excluded Congress.[3] Radical Cause and National Convergence were cautious as they did not know the details of the proposals.[3] Only the Movimiento Apertura of former President Carlos Andrés Pérez was completely opposed to the measure.[3]
The process promoted by Chávez was not set forth in the 1961 constitution, but two favorable decisions of the Supreme Court of Justice in January 1999 paved the way for this proposal. The Supreme Court even ratified Chávez's opinion that since the Constituent Power was an "original power", it should not be subject to the powers established in the current constitution.[6] The National Electoral Council (CNE) gave its approval after reviewing the proposals and the referendum was set for 25 April. Henry Ramos Allup of Democratic Action criticized then the behavior of the bodies, saying that they presented an "obsequious attitude" towards the president.[3]
Results
editThe referendum was held under a climate of electoral apathy, with voter turnout lower than 40%. The result was overwhelmingly in favor of the proposals, which were both approved by margins of over 80%; convening a new National Constituent Assembly was approved by 92% of voters, while the bases proposed by Chávez and revised by the CNE were also approved with 87% in favour.
Question I
edit"Do you convene a National Constituent Assembly with the purpose of transforming the State and creating a new legal system that allows the functioning of a Social and Participatory Democracy?"
| Choice | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| For | 3,630,666 | 92.36 | |
| Against | 300,233 | 7.64 | |
| Total | 3,930,899 | 100.00 | |
| Valid votes | 3,930,899 | 95.19 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 198,648 | 4.81 | |
| Total votes | 4,129,547 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,022,031 | 37.47 | |
| Source: CNE[7] | |||
Question II
edit"Do you agree with the bases proposed by the National Executive for the convocation of the National Constituent Assembly, examined and modified by the National Electoral Council in session dated March 24, 1999 and published in its full text, in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Venezuela No. 36.669 dated March, 25 of 1999?"
| Choice | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| For | 3,382,075 | 86.50 | |
| Against | 527,632 | 13.50 | |
| Total | 3,909,707 | 100.00 | |
| Valid votes | 3,909,707 | 94.91 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 209,689 | 5.09 | |
| Total votes | 4,119,396 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 11,022,031 | 37.37 | |
| Source: CNE[7] | |||
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ El referéndum del domingo 25 de abril El Universal 23 de abril de 1999
- ^ "Chávez modera su discurso". Clarín (Argentina). 3 December 1998. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Agence France-Presse (4 February 1999). "Ante referéndum constituyente". Panamá América. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2011). Dragon in the tropics: Hugo Chávez and the political economy of revolution in Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0815704973.
- ^ Valente, Jesús (22 September 1999). "Constituyente: Henrique Capriles Radonsky". Analítica.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ Combellas, Ricardo (January 2003). "El proceso constituyente y la Constitución de 1999". Politeia. 26 (30): 100–113. ISSN 0303-9757. Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- ^ a b "Referendos nacionales efectuados en Venezuela (1999 – 2000)" (PDF). CNE.