Victor Davis Hanson (born September 5, 1953) is an American classicist, military historian, and conservative political commentator. He has been a commentator on modern and ancient warfare and contemporary politics for The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, National Review, The Washington Times, and other media outlets.
Victor Davis Hanson | |
|---|---|
 Hanson in 2005 | |
| Born | Victor Davis Hanson September 5, 1953 Fowler, California, U.S. |
| Occupation | Classicist, military historian, political commentator |
| Education | University of California, Santa Cruz (BA) Stanford University (PhD) |
| Subjects | Military history, ancient warfare, ancient agrarianism, classics, politics |
| Notable awards | National Humanities Medal (2007) |
| Spouse |
Cara Webb
(m. 1977; div. 2005)Jennifer Heyne (m. 2013) |
| Children | 3 |
He is a professor emeritus of classics at California State University, Fresno, the Martin and Illie Anderson Senior Fellow in classics and military history at the Hoover Institution, and visiting professor at Hillsdale College. Hanson was awarded the National Humanities Medal in 2007 by President George W. Bush and was a presidential appointee in 2007–2008 on the American Battle Monuments Commission.
Early life and education
editHanson grew up in Selma, California, in the San Joaquin Valley, and has worked there most of his life.[1] He is of Swedish and Welsh ancestry, and his father's cousin, for whom he was named, was killed in the Battle of Okinawa.[2]
Hanson received a B.A. in classics and general Cowell College honors from the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1975 and his PhD in classics from Stanford University in 1980.[1]
Academic career: 1985–2004
editIn 1985, he was hired at California State University, Fresno, to launch a classical studies program. In 1991, Hanson was awarded the American Philological Association's Excellence in Teaching Award, given annually to the nation's top undergraduate teachers of Greek and Latin. He was named distinguished alumnus of the year for 2006 at University of California, Santa Cruz.[3] He has been a visiting professor of classics at Stanford University in California (1991–1992) and a National Endowment for the Humanities fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California (1992–1993), received an Alexander Onassis traveling fellowship to Greece (1999) and a Nimitz Fellow at University of California, Berkeley (2006), and held the visiting Shifrin Chair of Military History at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland (2002–2003).[4]
In 2004, he took early retirement to focus on his political writing and popular history.[5] Hanson has held a series of positions in ideologically-oriented institutions and private foundations He was appointed Fellow in California Studies at the Claremont Institute, a conservative think-tank in California, in 2002.[6] Hanson was appointed Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, another conservative think-tank in California. He was often the William Simon visiting professor at the School of Public Policy at Pepperdine University, a private Christian institution in California (2009–15), and was awarded in 2015 an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from the graduate school at Pepperdine. He gave the Wriston Lecture in 2004 for the Manhattan Institute whose mission is to "develop and disseminate new ideas that foster greater economic choice and individual responsibility."[citation needed] He became a board member of the Bradley Foundation in 2015 and served on the HF Guggenheim Foundation board for over a decade.[citation needed]
Writing
editSince 2004, Hanson has written a weekly column syndicated by Tribune Content Agency,[7] as well as a weekly column for National Review Online since 2001.[citation needed] He was awarded the National Humanities Medal (2007) by President George W. Bush, as well as the Eric Breindel Prize for opinion journalism (2002), and the Bradley Prize from the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation in 2008.[3]
Hanson's Warfare and Agriculture (Giardini 1983), his PhD thesis, argued that Greek warfare could not be understood apart from agrarian life in general and suggested that the modern assumption that agriculture was irrevocably harmed during classical wars was vastly overestimated. The Western Way of War (Alfred Knopf 1989) explored the combatants' experiences of ancient Greek battle and detailed the Hellenic foundations of later Western military practice.[citation needed]
The Other Greeks (The Free Press 1995) argued that the emergence of a unique middling agrarian class explains the ascendance of the Greek city-state and its singular values of consensual government, sanctity of private property, civic militarism, and individualism. In Fields Without Dreams (The Free Press 1996, winner of the Bay Area Book Reviewers Award) and The Land Was Everything (The Free Press 2000, a Los Angeles Times notable book of the year), Hanson lamented the decline of family farming and rural communities and the loss of agrarian voices in American democracy. The Soul of Battle (The Free Press 1999) traced the careers of Epaminondas, the Theban liberator, William Tecumseh Sherman, and George S. Patton in arguing that democratic warfare's strengths are best illustrated in short, intense, and spirited marches to promote consensual rule but bog down otherwise during long occupations or more conventional static battle.
In Mexifornia (Encounter 2003), a personal memoir about growing up in rural California and an account of immigration from Mexico, Hanson predicted that illegal immigration would soon reach crisis proportions unless legal, measured, and diverse immigration was restored, as well as the traditional melting-pot values of integration, assimilation, and intermarriage.[8]
Ripples of Battle (Doubleday 2003) chronicled how the cauldron of battle affects combatants' later literary and artistic work, as its larger influence ripples for generations, affecting art, literature, culture, and government. In A War Like No Other (Random House 2005, a New York Times notable book of the year), a history of the Peloponnesian War, Hanson offered an alternative history, arranged by methods of fighting (triremes, hoplites, cavalry, sieges, etc.) in concluding that the conflict marked a brutal watershed event for the Greek city-states. The Savior Generals (Bloomsbury 2013) followed the careers of five great generals (Themistocles, Belisarius, Sherman, Ridgway, Petraeus) and argued that rare qualities in leadership emerge during hopeless predicaments that only rare individuals can salvage.[9]
The End of Sparta (Bloomsbury 2011) is a novel about a small community of Thespian farmers who join the great march of Epaminondas (369/370 BC) to the heart of the Peloponnese to destroy Spartan hegemony, free the Messenian helots, and spread democracy in the Peloponnese.
Hanson has edited several collections of essays, including (Hoplites, Routledge 1991), Bonfire of the Humanities (with B. Thornton and J. Heath, ISI 2001), and Makers of Ancient Strategy (Princeton 2010), as well as a number of his own collected articles, such as An Autumn of War [2002 Anchor], Between War and Peace [Anchor 2004], and The Father of Us All [Bloomsbury 2010]. He has written chapters for works such as the Cambridge History of War, and the Cambridge History of Ancient Warfare.
Carnage and Culture
edit| External videos | |
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 Presentation by Hanson on Carnage and Culture, September 15, 2001, C-SPAN |
Hanson wrote the 2001 book Carnage and Culture (Doubleday), published in Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries as Why the West Has Won, in which he argued that the military dominance of Western civilization, beginning with the ancient Greeks, results from certain fundamental aspects of Western culture, such as consensual government, a tradition of self-critique, secular rationalism, religious tolerance, individual freedom, free expression, free markets, and individualism. Hanson's emphasis on cultural exception rejects racial explanations for Western military preeminence and disagrees with the environmental or geographical determinist explanations such as those put forth by Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997).[10][non-primary source needed]
The American military officer Robert L. Bateman, in a 2007 article on the Media Matters for America website, criticized Hanson's thesis and argued that Hanson's point about Western armies preferring to seek out a decisive battle of annihilation is rebutted by the Second Punic War in which Roman attempts to annihilate the Carthaginians instead led to the Carthaginians annihilating the Romans at the Battle of Cannae.[11] Bateman argued that Hanson was wrong about Western armies' common preferences in seeking out a battle of annihilation and argued that the Romans defeated the Carthaginians only via the Fabian strategy of keeping their armies in being and not engaging Hannibal in battle.[11] In a response published on his personal website, Hanson argued that Bateman had misunderstood and misrepresented his thesis. Hanson stated that in the Second Punic War, the Romans initially sought out decisive battles but were reluctantly forced to resort to a Fabian strategy after several defeats at the hands of a tactical genius until they had rebuilt their military capacity, when they ultimately defeated Hannibal in decisive battles. He also said that since the Carthaginians themselves had adopted many "Western" methods of warfare from the Greeks, Hannibal, too, was keen to seek decisive battles.[12]
United States education and classical studies
editHanson co-authored the book Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom with John Heath in 1998. The book explores the issue of how classical education has declined in the US and what might be done to restore it to its former prominence. That is important, according to Hanson and Heath, because knowledge of classical Greece and Rome is necessary for a full understanding of Western culture. To begin a discussion along those lines, the authors state, "The answer to why the world is becoming Westernized goes all the way back to the wisdom of the Greeks—reason enough why we must not abandon the study of our heritage."[13]
The political scientist Francis Fukuyama reviewed Who Killed Homer? favorably in Foreign Affairs and wrote that, "The great thinkers of the Western tradition—from Hobbes, Burke, and Hegel to Weber and Nietzsche (who was trained as a classical philologist)—were so thoroughly steeped in Greek thought that they scarcely needed to refer back to original texts for quotations. This tradition has come under fire from two camps, one postmodernist that seeks to deconstruct the classics on the grounds of gender, race, and class, and the other pragmatic and career-minded that asks what value the classics have in a computer-driven society. The authors' defense of a traditionalist approach to the classics is worthy."[14]
The classicists Victoria Cech and Joy Connolly found Who Killed Homer? to have considerable pitfalls. Reviews of the book have noted several problems with the authors' perception of classical culture. According to Cech, "One example is the relation of the individual to the state and the 'freedom' of belief or of inquiry in each. Socrates and Jesus were put to death by their respective states for articulating inconvenient doctrines. In Sparta, where the population of citizens (male) were carefully socialized in a military system, no one seems to have differed from the majority enough to merit the death penalty. But these differences are not sorted out by the authors, for their mission is to build an ideal structure of classical attitudes by which to reveal our comparative flaws, and their point is more what is wrong with us than what was right with Athens. I contend that Hanson and Heath are actually comparing modern academia not to the ancient seminal cultures but to the myth that arose about them over the last couple of millennia."[15] According to Connolly, Professor of Classics at New York University,[16] "Throughout history, the authors say, women have never enjoyed equal rights and responsibilities. At least in Greece, 'the veiled, mutilated, and secluded were not the norm' (p. 57). Why waste time, then, as feminist scholarship does, 'merely demarcating the exact nature of the sexism of the Greeks and the West' (p. 102)? From their point of view, in fact, the real legacy of feminism is the destruction of the values of family and community."[17]
Political views
editHanson was at one time a registered member of the Democratic Party[18] but is a conservative who voted for George W. Bush in the 2000 and 2004 elections.[19] As of 2020, he is a registered independent.[20] He defended George W. Bush and his policies,[21] especially the Iraq War.[22] He vocally supported Bush's Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, describing him as "a rare sort of secretary of the caliber of George Marshall" and a "proud and honest-speaking visionary" whose "hard work and insight are bringing us ever closer to victory".[23]
| External videos | |
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| After Words interview with Hanson on The Case for Trump, March 23, 2019, C-SPAN |
Hanson, a supporter of Donald Trump, wrote a 2019 book called The Case for Trump.[24] Trump praised the book,[24] in which Hanson defends Trump's insults and incendiary language as "uncouth authenticity", and praises Trump for "an uncanny ability to troll and create hysteria among his media and political critics."[24]
Conservative views
editHe has been described as a conservative by some commentators for his views on the Iraq War[25][26] and stated, "I came to support neocon approaches first in the wars against the Taliban and Saddam, largely because I saw little alternative."[27] Hanson's 2002 An Autumn of War called for going to war "hard, long, without guilt, apology or respite until our enemies are no more."[28] In the context of the Iraq War, Hanson wrote, "In an era of the greatest affluence and security in the history of civilization, the real question before us remains whether the United States – indeed any Western democracy — still possesses the moral clarity to identify evil as evil, and then the uncontested will to marshal every available resource to fight and eradicate it."[29]
Race relations
editIn July 2013, Attorney General Eric Holder gave a speech where he mentioned that as a black man, he needed to deliver "the Talk" to his son to instruct him on how to interact with police as a young black man. In response to Holder's speech, Hanson wrote a column, "Facing Facts about Race," in which he offered his own version of "the Talk," the need to inform his children to be careful of young black men when venturing into the inner city, who Hanson argued were statistically more likely to commit violent crimes than young men of other races, and so it was understandable for the police to focus on them.[30][31] Ta-Nehisi Coates of The Atlantic described Hanson's column as "stupid advice:" "in any other context we would automatically recognize this 'talk' as stupid advice. If I were to tell you that I only employ Asian-Americans to do my taxes because 'Asian-Americans do better on the Math SAT', you would not simply question my sensitivity, but my mental faculties."[32]
The American journalist Arthur Stern called "Facing Facts About Race" an "inflammatory" column based upon crime statistics that Hanson had never cited: "His presentation of this controversial opinion as undeniable fact without exhaustive statistical proof is undeniably racist."[33] The journalist Kelefa Sanneh, in response to "Facing Facts About Race," wrote, "It's strange, then, to read Hanson writing as if the fear of violent crime were mainly a "white or Asian" problem, about which African-Americans might be uninformed, or unconcerned – as if African-American parents weren't already giving their children more detailed and nuanced versions of Hanson's "sermon", sharing his earnest and absurd hope that the right words might keep trouble at bay."[34] Hanson, in response to Sanneh's essay, accused him of a "McCarthyite character assassination" and "infantile, if not racialist, logic."[35]
Obama criticism
editHanson was a critic of President Barack Obama.[36] He criticized the Obama administration for appeasing Iran[37] and Russia, and blamed Obama for the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2014.[38][39][40][41] In May 2016, Hanson argued that Obama failed to maintain a credible threat of deterrence and that "the next few months may prove the most dangerous since World War II."[42]
Personal life
editOn June 18, 1977, Hanson married Cara Webb. They had three children— two daughters and a son. The couple divorced in 2005. In 2013, Hanson married Jennifer Heyne.[43] In 2014, Hanson's youngest daughter, Susannah, died of leukemia.[44][45]
Hanson's mother, sister-in-law and maternal aunt have also died of cancer.[46]
Hanson currently resides on a farm outside of Selma in California's Central Valley, which has been in his family since the 1870s.[47]
Works
edit- Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece. University of California Press, 1983. ISBN 0-520-21025-5. Rev. ed. 1998.
- The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. Alfred A. Knopf, 1989. 2nd. ed. 2000. ISBN 0-394-57188-6
- Hoplites: The Classical Greek Battle Experience, editor, Routledge, 1991. ISBN 0-415-04148-1
- The Other Greeks: The Family Farm and the Agrarian Roots of Western Civilization, Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0-02-913751-9
- Fields Without Dreams: Defending the Agrarian Idea, Free Press, 1996. ISBN 0-684-82299-7
- Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom, with John Heath, Encounter Books, 1998. ISBN 1-893554-26-0
- The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny, Free Press, 1999. ISBN 0-684-84502-4
- The Wars of the Ancient Greeks: And the Invention of Western Military Culture, Cassell, 1999. ISBN 0-304-35222-5
- The Land Was Everything: Letters from an American Farmer, Free Press, 2000. ISBN 0-684-84501-6
- Bonfire of the Humanities: Rescuing the Classics in an Impoverished Age, with John Heath and Bruce S. Thornton, ISI Books, 2001. ISBN 1-882926-54-4
- Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power, Doubleday, 2001. ISBN 0-385-50052-1
- Published in the UK as Why the West Has Won: Carnage and Culture from Salamis to Vietnam, Faber, 2001. ISBN 0-571-20417-1
- An Autumn of War: What America Learned from September 11 and the War on Terrorism, Anchor Books, 2002. ISBN 1-4000-3113-3 A collection of essays, mostly from National Review, covering events occurring between September 11, 2001, and January 2002
- Mexifornia: A State of Becoming, Encounter Books, 2003. ISBN 1-893554-73-2
- Ripples of Battle: How Wars Fought Long Ago Still Determine How We Fight, How We Live, and How We Think, Doubleday, 2003. ISBN 0-385-50400-4
- Between War and Peace: Lessons from Afghanistan and Iraq, Random House, 2004. ISBN 0-8129-7273-2. A collection of essays, mostly from National Review, covering events occurring between January 2002 and July 2003
- A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War, Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6095-8[48]
- The Father of Us All: War and History, Ancient and Modern, Bloomsbury Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-60819-165-9
- The End of Sparta: A Novel, Bloomsbury Press, 2011. ISBN 978-1-60819-164-2
- The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost – From Ancient Greece to Iraq, Bloomsbury Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-6081-9163-5
- The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won, Basic Books, 2017. ISBN 978-0465066988
- The Case for Trump, Basic Books, 2019. ISBN 978-1541673540
- The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America, Basic Books, 2021. ISBN 978-1541647534
- "Imperialism: Lessons From History". Imprimis. 52 (7/8). Hillsdale, MI: Hillsdale College: 1–6. July–August 2023. ISSN 0277-8432.
- The End of Everything: How Wars Descend into Annihilation, Basic Books, 2024. ISBN 978-1541673526
References
edit- ^ a b "VDH Private Papers" Hanson is married to Jennifer Heyne (married November 2013).Archived January 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Victor Davis Hanson website, accessed August 8, 2010
- ^ "A Classicist Farmer: The Life and Times of Victor Davis Hanson".
- ^ a b "Classical Studies Program". Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
- ^ "2006 Speaker – Dr. Victor Davis Hanson • Berkeley Naval ROTC". nrotc.berkeley.edu. Retrieved March 12, 2024.
- ^ Tempest, Rone (February 25, 2004). "Right Way to Farm the Classics". The Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Victor Davis Hanson". Claremont review of books.
- ^ "Victor Davis Hanson articles". Tribune Content Agency. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (June 29, 2003). "Commentary: 'Mexifornia' is a Tragedy in the Making". Los Angeles Times – via ProQuest.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (March 15, 2013). "The Savior Generals". Kirkus Reviews. ISBN 978-1-60819-163-5.
- ^ Victor Davis Hanson Decline And Fall: A review of Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, National Review Magazine, May 20, 2005
- ^ a b Bateman, Robert (October 29, 2007). "Bateman on Hanson, Round 1: Cannae, 2 August 216 B.C." Media Matters. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (November 5, 2007). "Squaring Off: Part II". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
- ^ Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath, Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2001), p. 28.
- ^ "Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom". Foreign Affairs.
- ^ "Who Killed Homer?". The Montana Professor.
- ^ "NYU> Classics> Joy Connolly". Retrieved September 4, 2016.
- ^ "Victor Davis Hanson and John Heath, Who Killed Homer? The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom". Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
- ^ "Interview with Victor Davis Hanson: 'We're Removing Saddam Hussein'". U.S. Naval Institute. March 1, 2003. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ Interview, Proceedings, March 2003.
- ^ "Denigrating Hoover". The Stanford Daily. December 3, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
- ^ On Loathing Bush – It's not about what he does, Victor Davis Hanson, National Review, August 13, 2004 Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Myth or Reality – Will Iraq work? That's up to us, Victor Davis Hanson, National Review, April 23, 2004"Victor Davis Hanson on Bush Hatred on National Review Online". National Review. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2009.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Leave Rumsfeld Be – He is not to blame for our difficulties Archived July 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Victor Davis Hanson, National Review, December 23, 2004.
- ^ a b c Lozada, Carlos (2019). "Thinking for Trump: Other presidents had a brain trust. But the intellectuals backing this White House are a bust". The Washington Post.
- ^ Bush pulls neocons out of the shadows Los Angeles Times, January 22, 2005
- ^ The end of the neo-cons? BBC News, February 9, 2009
- ^ The Neocon Slur Archived February 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Victor Davis Hanson, July 12, 2008
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (April 5, 2003). "Critic's Notebook; How Books Have Shaped U.S. Policy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
- ^ Schmidt, Brian C.; Williams, Michael C. (May 22, 2008). "The Bush Doctrine and the Iraq War: Neoconservatives Versus Realists". Security Studies. 17 (2): 191–220. doi:10.1080/09636410802098990. ISSN 0963-6412. S2CID 155073127.
- ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (July 24, 2013). "A Sermon on Race from National Review". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (July 23, 2013). "Facing Facts About Race". National Review Online.
- ^ Coates, Te-Nehisi (July 23, 2013). "It's the Racism, Stupid!". The Atlantic.
- ^ Stern, Arthur (July 25, 2013). "A Millennial Takedown Of Victor Davis Hanson's 'Facts About Race'". News.Mic.
- ^ Sanneh, Kelefa (July 24, 2013). "A Sermon on Race from National Review". The New Yorker.
- ^ "Untruth at the New Yorker". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers. July 29, 2013.
- ^ Drezner, Daniel W. (April 22, 2013). "Meet the revisionist George W. Bush – pretty much the same as the old George W. Bush". Foreign Policy. Retrieved March 17, 2019.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (November 4, 2014). "Sizing America Up". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (October 13, 2015). "The Road to Middle East Perdition". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (February 11, 2014). "The Value of Putin". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (June 19, 2015). "The New World Map". VDH's Blade of Perseus. Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (July 30, 2014). "Our Russia Experts". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (May 19, 2016). "How Barack Obama's Foreign Policy De-Stabilized the World". Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers.
- ^ "The Enduring Love Between Victor Davis Hanson and Cara Webb Hanson | Bravado Coffee Cafe". June 19, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Carter, Evan (November 20, 2014). "Victor Davis Hanson's daughter dies". Hillsdale Collegian. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "Susannah Merry Hanson". Hanford Sentinel. November 17, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Megyn Kelly (August 26, 2024). Trump-RFK Alliance Terrifies Elites, and Brilliant "Make America Healthy Again" Message, with VDH. Retrieved August 27, 2024 – via YouTube.
- ^ "A Classicist Farmer: The Life And Times Of Victor Davis Hanson". Hoover Institution. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ Fredric Smoler[permanent dead link] "Study of the War on Terrorism: The View from 400 B.C.," American Heritage, Nov./Dec. 2006.
External links
edit
- Victor Davis Hanson's Private Papers – Hanson's website; carries columns and essays by Hanson and colleagues
- Hanson's National Review articles Archived November 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – archive at National Review Online
- Hoover Institution bio
- Appearances on C-SPAN