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Vietnamese numismatic charm

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Vietnamese numismatic charms (Vietnamese: Bùa Việt Nam; chữ Hán: 越南符銭; chữ Nôm: 符越南),[1] also known as Vietnamese amulets, Vietnamese talismans, or simply Vietnamese charms, refer to a family of cash coin-like and other numismatic inspired types of charms that like the Japanese and Korean variants are derived from Chinese numismatic charms (also referred to as Yansheng coins or huāqián), but have evolved around the customs of the Vietnamese culture although most of these charms resemble Vietnamese cash coins and the amulet coins of China.[2][3] These "coins" were used at temples, as tokens within the imperial palace, and as everyday charms with supposed magical power such as having the ability to curse evil spirits and bogies.[4] Some of these charms contained the inscriptions of real circulating cash coins but with added imagery.[5]

A Vietnamese amulet that resembles a cash coin.

Inscriptions on Vietnamese numismatic charms can be written in Chữ Hán, Taoist "magic" writing, Devanagari, pseudo-Devanagari, Chữ Nôm, and Latin scripts. Common inscriptions include Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴), Chính Đức Thông Bảo (正德通寶), and Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo (周元通寶).[6]

Types of Vietnamese charms

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See also: Chinese numismatic charm § Types of Chinese charms

Buddhist charms

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Main article: Buddhist coin charm

Like with Chinese numismatic Buddhist charms there are Vietnamese numismatic Buddhist charms that contain Sanskrit inscriptions, however some of these Buddhist amulets from Vietnam contain only Sanskrit syllables associated with certain sounds but without meaning, these meaningless inscriptions were presumably borrowed from Chinese monks who used them as religious iconography.[7]

Vietnamese amulets with pseudo-Sanskrit inscriptions

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There are Vietnamese amulets that contain the Buddhist prayer "Om mani padme hum" (ॐ मणिपद्मे हूँ), or Án ma ni bát mê hồng (唵嘛呢叭咪吽), written in Devanagari script.[8] This is chanting phrase used by Tibetan monks and has been adapted by other Buddhists in East Asia.[8] In Buddhist schools of meditation the single syllable "Om" (ॐ) in this prayer is used as a focal point to help quiet the mind.[8] These six syllables are said to purify the six realms.[8] Many of these amulets have their inscriptions written in Devanagari is because many of the oldest Buddhist texts were written in Sanskrit later and Pali and many Chinese Buddhist monks studied Sanskrit to better understand these texts.[8] Furthermore, Buddhist monks in Vietnam study Chinese languages to help understand these same texts.[8] Thus there is a fusion of knowledge of both the Sanskrit and the Chinese language which influenced these amulets to both contain a form of pseudo-Devanagari and Chinese script.[8]

Open-work charms

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Main article: Open-work charm

During the 19th century, a two-sided open-work amulet with a two opposing dragons design within a circular frame.[9] These open-work charms contain a number of Buddhist symbols and religious iconography such as the circular frame symbolising Wheel of Dharma (or Wheel of the Law), which encompasses all of the tenets of Buddhism.[9] Another Buddhist symbol is an umbrella or canopy located on the top, as the umbrella in Buddhist symbolism is a sign of protection as it "shades all medicinal herbs", while the shade of the canopy is said to "protects all living beings".[9]

The design of two dragons are a part of Chinese folk religion, but like in contemporary Chinese and Vietnamese life, indigenous mythology mixed with Buddhism as can be demonstrated in several Buddhist charms which incorporate designs from other religions.[9]

Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo

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During the 60th birthday of Revival Lê dynasty Emperor Lê Hiển Tông in 1774 a special Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo (萬夀通寶) amulet was cast, these charms were often used to commemorate the birthday of an emperor as had happened in the Qing dynasty with the 60th birthdays of Chinese emperors. The reason these charms are cast on this particular event is because 60 years symbolises a complete cycle of the 10 heavenly stems and the 12 earthly branches.[10][11]

The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)

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See also: Taoist coin charm § The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)

Vietnamese Book of Changes and Bagua charms usually contain inscriptions displaying the Eight Trigrams (八卦, Bát Quái), these are the following Chinese characters:[12] 乾, (☰, Càn) 坎, (☵, Khảm), 艮 (☶, Cấn), 震 (☳, Chấn), 巽 (☴, Tốn), 離 (☲, Ly), 坤 (☷, Khôn), and 兑 (☱, Đoài).[12]

In the case of these coins, "charm" in this context is a catchall term for coin-shaped items which were not official (or counterfeit) money.[13] However, these numismatic objects were not all necessarily considered "magical" or "lucky", as some of these Chinese numismatic charms can be used as "mnemonic coins".[13]

These amulets may further have inscriptions like Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng (長生保命) which translates to "immortality" and "protect life".[12] Such inscriptions would indicate that they were used as "protective" charms.[14]

Zodiac charms

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See also: Taoist coin charm § Zodiac charms

The Chinese zodiacs appear on several Daoist amulets which were used for divination and fortune telling.[15] Next to the image of each animal, the Chinese character for the animal is displayed.[15]

Confucian charms

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Main article: Confucian coin charm

Under the Nguyễn dynasty era Emperor Minh Mạng large (often 48 millimeters in diameter) presentation coins with the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶) were made that featured inscriptions from the Huainanzi on their reverse, it is believed that this work was chosen because it states that a monarch or ruler should embrace both Confucianism and Taoism and attain sagehood. Because the term Minh Mạng (chữ Hán: 明命) can also be translated as "bright life" or "intelligent decree" the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo is commonly used on Vietnamese numismatic charms.[16][17]

Lei Ting curse charms

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Main article: Lei Ting curse charm

Vietnamese Lei Ting curse charms (or Lôi Đình curse charms) are numismatic charms that contain inscriptions to protect its wearer from evil spirits and ghosts.[18] It was common for people to go to Taoist masters to ask for advice, and in Taoism secretive amulets are often used in ceremonies, while most of these amulets are made from paper.[19] Vietnamese Lei Ting curse charms can have fortune telling symbols and Taoist "magical" incantations.[18]

Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions

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During the Vietnam War era Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions were produced in large numbers as souvenirs for foreigners interested in antiques. In large South Vietnamsee cities like Saigon, Da Nang, and Huế, these charms usually sold for $1 or $2. They bore inscriptions of authentic Vietnamese cash coins like Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶), and Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶),[20] but many also contained fantasy inscriptions like Quang Trung Trọng Bảo (光中重寶),[21] Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo (咸宜重寶),[22] and Khải Định Trọng Bảo (啓定重寶),[23] the latter of which being based on the Khải Định Thông Bảo (啓定通寶).

Some Vietnam war era replicas may include Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶) cash coins, which were produced under Emperor Hàm Nghi in the year 1885, without the reverse inscription "Lục Văn" (六文), or large (1 mạch) Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶) cash coins with the reverse inscription Trung Quốc Ái Dân (忠國愛民).[24] The latter of these fakes are based on Minh Mạng Thông Bảo Thông Bảo (明命通寶), Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶), and Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) cash coins of 1 mạch which had this and similar reverse inscriptions, while in reality no similar large cash coins were ever produced before or after these three series.[24]

Marriage charms

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Main article: Marriage coin charm

Vietnamese marriage amulets often display dragon (龍) and phoenix (鳳) motifs,[25] this is because the Vietnamese dragon is often used as a symbol for males,[26] while the Phượng Hoàng (or "phoenix") is used to represent females.[27] When the phoenix is shown together with the dragon this is often meant as a metaphor for the Emperor and Empress.[27]

Some marriage amulets have the obverse inscription Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴) written in seal script, which translates into English to "Long life, riches, and honour".[27] This inscription symbolises good fortune in marriage as well as protection.[27] There are also some Vietnamese marriage amulets with the inscription Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải (壽山福海, "longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea"), which is a part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as Mount Tai and your happiness as the Eastern Sea" (壽比南山福如東海).[28]

Some Vietnamese marriage amulets contain the Daoist Âm and Dương symbol (or Thái cực đồ), this is because in Daoist Âm symbolises the feminine and Dương symbolises the masculine.[29] Further symbols may include the lotus flower, known as "荷" (Hà) or "蓮" (Sen).[29] In Mandarin Chinese the word for "lotus" has a homonymous sound with the word which means "to bind" as in a marriage contract, "to love", and "to be modest".[29]

A design of Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese marriage amulets display a pair of fish on one side and the inscription Ngư Song (魚双, "Pair of Fish") on the other side.[30] In various Oriental cultures fish are associated with plenty and abundance.[31] Fish are furthermore noted for their prolific ability to reproduce and that when they swim that this was in joy and are therefore associated with a happy and harmonious marriage.[31] In Feng Shui, a pair of fish are associated with conjugal bliss and the joys of being in a matrimonial union.[31]

"Song of Unending Sorrow" charms, or "Song of Unending Regret" charms, are a common type of marriage coin charm, that might be Chinese, Japanese, Korean Taiwanese, or Vietnamese in origin, that depict part of the 9th century poem Chang hen ge written by Bai Juyi.[32] "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms display four heterosexual couples having sex in various positions (or they are supposed to represent one couple having in four different positions) in the area surrounding the square centre hole of the coin.[32] Surrounding the couples having sex are the Chinese characters representing the spring (春), wind (風), peaches (桃), and plums (李), which is a reference to the first four characters of a line from the Chang hen ge poem which translates into English as "Gone were the breezy spring days when the peach and plum trees were in bloom" in reference to the death of Yang Guifei.[32]

Five poisons talismans

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The five poisons (五毒, Ngũ Độc), or the five noxious creatures, are an ancient Chinese concept that includes a snake, a centipede, a scorpion, a lizard, and a toad. Sometimes the five poisons may also include a spider.[33] These numismatic amulets are a reflection of the taboo of the number 5.[33] Traditionally the fifth day of the fifth month (which in the Chinese calendar falls in June), or "Double Five Day", is considered in traditional Chinese culture to be the day that causes the most illnesses because it's the hottest day.[33] Because of this superstition the number five was also associated with illness.[33] During "Double Five Day" these amulets displaying the five poisons were worn to ward off illnesses and evil.[33] Because the Dragon Boat Festival occurs during this period, it is not uncommon for one of the five poisons to be replaced with a tiger representing the Warring States period person Khuất Nguyên.[33]

Some Five Poisons amulets contain the imperative command inscription Khu Tà Tîch Ác (驅邪辟惡) which could be translated as "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns".[33]

Vietnamese gong (khánh) shaped amulets

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Vietnam has been producing large brass gongs (khánh) shaped as bats for centuries, some Vietnamese amulets are modeled after this shape.[34] While these amulets may also be found in China, they are produced in Vietnam and are one of the few unique categories of Vietnamese numismatic charms.[34] These amulets are associated with wealth and good luck because of their bat shape, which is a homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese, as the Mandarin Chinese word for "bat" (蝠, fú) sounds like "happiness" (福, fú).[34]

The design of the bat shaped khánh also appears on a 1943 series 20 piastre banknote issued by the Banque de l'Indochine.[35]

Plastic numismatic charms

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During the 20th and 21st centuries Vietnamese numismatic charms with Latin script made from plastics began being produced.[36] The obverse inscription that appears on some of these amulets is "Thần Chúng Cho Ban" which translates to "May the Spirits Bestow Favours".[36] While the reverse of these plastic amulets reads "Sa Cốc Miếu Ân" which translates to "The Temple Sounds Thanks", which could be a reference to when a monk receives a donation at a temple, they will often ring a bell in recognition of this fact.[36]

List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription

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List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription
(excluding Lei Ting curse charm inscriptions)
Inscription
(Chữ Quốc Ngữ)		 Inscription
(chữ Hán)		 Literal English translation Implied meaning or symbolism Distribution[a] Catalogue number(s) Image
Good luck and protective inscriptions
Trường Mạng Phú Quý 長命富貴 "Longevity, riches, and honour" A good luck inscription. China and Vietnam Schroeder #597, Gao & Yu #1-162, Grundmann #271-273, Mandel (MCAC) #15.8.37, Novak #136, Pi page #153 and Yu page #94, Zheng (ed.) #982
Trường Mạng Phú Quý
Phú Hữu		 長命富貴
富有		 "Longevity, riches, and honour"
"To be wealthy."		 A good luck inscription. Vietnam Greenbaum #13
Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải[28] 壽山福海 "Longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea" A part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as Mount Tai and your happiness as the Eastern Sea" (壽比南山福如東海). China and Vietnam
Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng 長生保命 "Immortality" and "Protect life" A protective inscription. China and Vietnam Schroeder #596
Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh
Thọ Trường Phú Quý[37]		 元亨利貞
壽長富貴		 "Commencing, developing, strengthening, and perfecting"
"Longevity, riches, and honour"		 The principle (元) to success (亨), and to prosper (利) by divination (貞), being the first four words of the Book of Changes (I-Ching). China and Vietnam Schroeder#590, Thierry (ACVN) #69
Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh
Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc[38]		 元亨利貞
四辰同樂		 "Initial cause, freedom, good, perfection."
"In the four seasons, union in joy!"		 "Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh" is the first sentence of the Yijing, it explains the Càn hexagram, one of the most auspicious since it is composed of 6 dương lines. China and Vietnam Thierry#70
Nhân Nghĩa Lễ Trí
Tín[39]		 仁義禮智
信		 "Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, Knowledge"
"Sincerity"		 A good luck inscription. Vietnam Schroeder#591
Càn Khảm Cấn Chấn Tốn Ly Khôn Đoài[40] 乾 坎 艮 震 巽 離 坤 兑 "Heaven, Water, Mountain, Thunder, Wind, Fire, Earth, Lake" The Eight Trigrams, a Daoist set of symbols. China and Vietnam Schroeder#594-596, Thierry (ACVN)#87-92, Zheng (ed.)#1775-1779, 1781
Long Vân Khánh Hội[41] 龍雲慶會 "Dragon and Cloud a Felicitous Meeting Together" A good luck inscription. Vietnam Schroeder #600
Trường Mạng Phú Quý Kim Ngọc Mãn Đường[42] 長命富貴金玉滿堂 "Long-Life, Wealth and Honours, Gold and Jade, Success" High rank and achieving honour. China and Vietnam Schroeder #603, Grundmann #633 and #634, Yu page 63, Zheng (ed.) #833
Càn Nguyên Trường Tiền[43] 乾元長錢 "Everlasting Heaven's Money" To be lucky in the endeavour of pursuing wealth and money. Vietnam Schroeder #605, Thierry (ACVN) #72
Trạng Nguyên Cập Đệ
Phúc Lộc[44]		 狀元及第
 "First Doctoral Candidate", "Passed the Examination",
"Good Luck and Honours"[b]		 Attaining a high rank in the imperial examinations. China and Vietnam Schroeder #606, Gao & Yu #1-138 and #1-139, Grundmann #608 and #609, Mandel (MCAC) #15.8.6 & 15.8.7, Petit #48, Remmelts #9, Thierry (ACVN) #200, Yu Page 134, Zheng (ed.) #907 and #908
Phúc Lộc Lị Trinh[45] 福祿利貞 "Happiness, Honours, Strengthening, and Perfecting" High rank and high salary. Vietnam Schroeder #607
Vô Sự Tùng Dung[46] 無事從容 "Without Affairs Gives You Leisure at Large" Inner peace. Vietnam Schroeder #608
Trinh Phù[47] 貞符[c] "Divination Amulet" An amulet used for divination. Vietnam Schroeder #610
Bổn-Mạng (Bản-Mệnh)
Trường-Sinh[48]		 本命
長生		 "Life"
"Immortality"		 An inscription wishing for longevity. Vietnam
Ngũ Bất
The Eight Trigrams[49]		 五不
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷		 "The Five Precepts"
"The Eight Trigrams"		 The five precepts of Buddhism.
The Eight Trigrams from Daoism		 China and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) # 57
Khu Tà Tîch Ác[50] 驅邪辟惡 "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns" A protective amulet inscription usually worn during the Dragon Boat Festival. China and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) #108, Yu Pages #17 & #32, Pi Page #16, Zheng (ed.) #895
Thụ-Di Bách Lộc[51] 受第百祿 "To Receive Numerous Benefits From Heaven" To receive celestial blessings for good luck and good fortune. China and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) #143
Chiêu Tài Như Ý
Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình
Nhãt Đoàn Hòa Khí[52]		 招財如意
天下太平
一團和氣		 "Receive All The Riches You Wish"
"The Country At Peace"
"Embodiment of Harmony"		 A good luck inscription. China and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) #222
Thọ[53] 壽 "Longevity" A good luck inscription. China and Vietnam Thierry (CMV) #1929, Pi Page #125, Zheng (ed.) #921
Quang Thiên Nguyên Bảo[54] 光天元寶 "Brilliant Heavenly Original Treasure" A good luck and protective inscription. Vietnam Greenbaum #4
Thiên Hạ Thái Bình[55] 天下太平 "Wishing All the World Be at Peace" World peace. Vietnam Greenbaum #5
Trường Mạng Phú Quý
Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình[56]		 長命富貴
天下太平		 "Long Life, Riches and Honours"
"The Country At Peace"		 A good luck and protective inscription. Vietnam Greenbaum #9
Phẩm Chung Lan Đài[57] 品重蘭臺 "Important Rank within the Orchid Tower" High rank in the imperial examination system. Vietnam Greenbaum #15
Trảm Tà Trị Quỷ
Vận Nhập Vô Kị[58]		 斬邪治鬼
运入無忌		 "Destroy Evil, Rule Over Spirits"
"Go In and Out Without Fear"		 A protective inscription meant to ward off evil spirits. Vietnam Greenbaum #17
Vietnamese numismatic charms with Chinese and Vietnamese cash coin inscriptions
Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo 周元通寶 "Beginning of the Châu, circulating treasure" An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down Buddha statues. China and Vietnam Thierry (CMV) #1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, & 1903
Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo
Bình Nam[59]		 周元通寶
平南		 "Beginning of the Châu, circulating treasure"
"Bình Nam"		 An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down Buddha statues.
A mint mark that also appeared on some Cảnh Hưng Thông Bảo (景興通寶) cash coins.		 Vietnam Schroeder #505
Hồng Ðức Thông Bảo
Thiên Hạ Thái Bình[60]		 洪德通寶
天下太平		 "Hồng Ðức circulating treasure"
"All the World Be at Peace"		 A Later Lê dynasty cash coin inscription with an amulet reverse inscription. Vietnam Greenbaum #11
Cảnh Thịnh Thông Bảo[61] 景盛通寶 "Cảnh Thịnh circulating treasure" A Tây Sơn dynasty cash coin inscription. Vietnam Greenbaum #7
Minh Mạng Thông Bảo
Phú Thọ Ða Nam[62]		 明命通寶
富壽多男		 "Minh Mạng circulating treasure"
"Wealth, Long Life, and Many (Male) Children"		 A presentation coin used as an amulet. Vietnam Thierry (CMV) #1896, Schroeder #168  
Vietnamese numismatic charms with commemorative inscriptions
Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo[63] 萬夀通寶 "Ten thousand longevities, circulating treasure" To commemorate the 60th birthday of the reigning Emperor. China and Vietnam Greenbaum #10
Fantasy cash coin inscriptions
Chính Đức Thông Bảo[64] 正德通寶 "Chính Đức circulating treasure" Fantasy Ming dynasty cash coin. China and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) #174, Grundmann #1216[d], Greenbaum #22
Quang Trung Trọng Bảo 光中重寶 "Quang Trung heavy treasure" A fantasy cash coin, based on the Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Vietnam
Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo 咸宜重寶 "Hàm Nghi heavy treasure" A fantasy cash coin, based on the Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Vietnam
Khải Định Trọng Bảo 啓定重寶 "Khải Định heavy treasure" A fantasy cash coin, based on the Khải Định Thông Bảo (啓定通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Vietnam
Buddhist amulets with pseudo-Sanskrit inscriptions
Inscription
(Latin script)		 Inscription
(Original script)		 Literal English translation Implied meaning or symbolism Distribution Catalogue number(s) Image
Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum[65]		 ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
དྨེ ཧཱུྃ		 "Om mani padme hum"[e] A Buddhist prayer. Vietnam Schroeder #611, Lacroix #393, Thierry (ACVN) #53, #54 and #55, Thierry (CMV) #553, Zheng (ed.) #1932 and #1985
Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum Khang-Cát[66]		 ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
銘洪康吉		 "Om mani padme"
"Me hum", "To be healthy and happy"		 A Buddhist prayer. Vietnam Schroeder #612, Thierry (ACVN) #53, #54 and #55, Thierry (CMV) #553, Zheng (ed.) #1932 and #1985
Other Buddhist inscriptions
Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
[A Daoist "secret writing" character]
Trường Mạng Phú Quý
The Eight Trigrams[67][68]		 口奄 口牛 口迷 口八 口尼 口麻 吶 咺
 [f]
長命富貴
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷		 "To shout Majestically "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum"
A Daoist "magic" incantation (To Expel Evil)."
"Longevity, riches, and honour"
The Eight Trigrams		 A Buddhist prayer and Daoist magic spell incantation. China and Vietnam
Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
The Eight Trigrams[69][70]		 奄 口麻 口尼 口八 口爾 口牛
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷		 Chinese Characters Representing "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".
"The Eight Trigrams".		 A Buddhist prayer and Daoist religious symbolism. China and Vietnam Thierry (CMV) #553
Om Ma Ni Pad
Me Hum[71]		 口奄 口麻 口尼 鉢
銘 洪		 "Om mani padme hum" A Buddhist prayer. Vietnam
Me hum[72] 銘洪 "Me hum" A Buddhist prayer. Vietnam
Chúa Xứ Thánh Mẫu
Châu Đốc
(Obverse in Latin script)[73]		 母聖處主
朱篤
(Reverse in Traditional Chinese characters)		 "Temple of the Region's Revered Lady"
"City of Châu Đốc"		 A token coin issued by a Buddhist temple. Vietnam Greenbaum #14
Marriage inscriptions
Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc[74] 四辰同樂 "In All Four Seasons May There Be Happiness" Bliss and happiness in marriage Vietnam Schroeder #592-593, Novak #93, Thierry (ACVN) #71
Phú Quý Khang Ninh[75] 富貴康寧 "Riches, Honours, Health and Peace" A good luck and marriage inscription Vietnam Schroeder #601-602, Lacroix Rubbings #394, #395 and #396, Thierry (CMV) #1904 and #1905, Thierry (ACVN) #152
Thái Bình Đồng Lạc[76] 太平同樂 "Peace and Happiness Together" A marriage inscription. Vietnam Schroeder #604
Phu Phụ Hòa Hài
Tử Tôn Phồn Thịnh[77]		 夫婦和諧
子孫繁盛		 "Husband and Wife, Harmonious Reverse"
"Children and Grand-Children in Abundance"		 A marriage inscription. Vietnam Schroeder #609
Ngư Song[78] 魚双 "A pair of fish" A marriage inscription. China, Korea, and Vietnam Thierry (ACVN) #235, Gao & Yu Page #387, Mandel (TLKCA) #74.2a (32mm) and #74.2b (30 mm)
Liên Sinh Lục Tử[79] 連生六子 "Wishing Continuous Births of Six Sons" A wish for having male offspring. China and Vietnam Greenbaum #3
Tung Bách Mệnh Gia
Thiên Hạ Thái Bình[80]		 嵩百命家
天下太平		 "Lofty Life, Hundreds of Offspring"
"The Country at Peace"		 A marriage inscription. China and Vietnam Grundmann #729
Plastic amulets with Latin inscriptions
Thần Chúng Cho Ban
Sa Cốc Miếu Ân[36]		 NA "May the Spirits Bestow Favours"
"The Temple Sounds Thanks"		 Religious good luck amulet Vietnam Greenbaum #18

Notes

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  1. ^ Country of production, as many Chinese numismatic charms have the same inscriptions and designs as Vietnamese numismatic charms, as the latter are often based on the former. And to differentiate between exclusive Vietnamese amulets from Chinese coin amulets.
  2. ^ The Confucian court examination system in Vietnam (chữ Hán: 越南科舉制度, Chữ Quốc Ngữ: Chế-độ khoa-cử Việt-nam) was a system of examinations The era of Imperial exams in monarchist Vietnam lasted from the year 1076 until 1919 during the French colonial period with a total of 185 exams being given. It is estimated that about 70,000 to 80,000 candidates took the regional exams around the provinces of Vietnam each time these exams were administered. The final (and highest) examination was taken at the Imperial Vietnamese Palace and about 15 candidates became Doctoral Laureates, or Trạng Nguyên (狀元). The bulk of the amulets were produced in China and many of these amulets made their way to Vietnam. These types of amulets that contain inscriptions wishing for success at the imperial examinations were extremely popular among the students that were studying for the Confucian exams. It is very likely that there have been many types of different imperial court examinations amulets produced during the period when Confucian court exams were administered in Vietnam.
  3. ^ The Chinese characters Trinh (貞) Phù (符) are located on the top and bottom of the amulet and a pair of flowers on the right and left side of the amulet.
  4. ^ See also pages 224 – 227 (Grundmann) with a series of similar pieces.
  5. ^ While the amulet does not completely represent the Tibetan chant of "Om mani padme hum" (ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པདྨེ་ཧཱུྃ), it does convey the concept well enough to be considered a representation of the phrase "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".
  6. ^ A Daoist "secret writing" character used in a magic spell incantation to expel evil spirits. This Chinese character (chữ Hán) refers to a "dead ghost" and its purpose can be better understood by using the following analogy. When a person dies in Chinese mythology, he or she becomes a ghost. Living people greatly dislike seeing ghosts. Similarly, it is believed in Chinese mythology that ghosts are afraid when they see a "dead ghost" and will run away. The ancient Chinese, therefore, believed that ghosts will be scared away if this Daoist magic character, meaning "dead ghost", is hung somewhere in their homes or worn as an amulet.

Catalogue numbers

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  • Thierry (ACVN) = Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam by François Thierry de Crussol (1987), in French.
  • Thierry (CMV) = François Thierry, Catalogue des Monnaies Vietnamiennes - Supplément, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris (2002).
  • Greenbaum = Craig Greenbaum, Amulets of Vietnam. Houston (2004).
  • Grundmann = Amulette Chinas und seiner Nachbarländer by Horst Grundmann (2003), in German.
  • John Sylvester, Jr. and André Hüsken, authors of: The Traditional Awards of Annam, Copyright 2001, ISBN 3-89757-097-1
  • Zheng (ed.) = Zheng, Dr. Yiwei (editor) Classic Chinese Charms (花钱图典), Copyright 2004.
  • Novak = Novak, John A. A Working Aid for Collecors of Annamese Coins, Merced, CA: Anderson 1989 Revised edition.
  • Lacroix = Lacroix, Désiré - Numismatique Annamite, Saigon: Menard & Legros 1900.

References

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  1. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 1.
  2. ^ BLANCHARD Raphaël et BUI Van Quy, "Sur une collection d'amulettes chinoises", Revue d'Anthropologie, juillet-août 1918, pp. 131–172. (in French)
  3. ^ Emmanuel Poisson (10 December 2016). "The Vietnamese Charms in the Department of Coins and Medals of the French National Library". Springer Singapore. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023. Although there are charms made of wood, paper, cloth, etc., this paper will deal with coin-shaped charms , ya sheng qian 厭勝錢 coins for submission of and triumph over demons. Traditionally, Chinese researchers present them in the final chapters of numismatic books or in their supplements. They are essentially a subject of numismatic study. It means researchers give weight, size, metal features and a brief description, without analysis of images or symbols.
  4. ^ "Monnaies amulettisées (Charm coins)". François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart) (in French). 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  5. ^ "Vietnamese large Minh-mang thong bao charm". Vladimir Belyaev and Sergey Shevtcov (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 12 May 1998. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  6. ^ Greenbaum 2006.
  7. ^ "Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm) § Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit". François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart) (in French). 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Greenbaum 2006, p. 59.
  9. ^ a b c d Greenbaum 2006, p. 106–107.
  10. ^ "Vạn Thọ thông bảo 萬夀通寶 de Cảnh Hưng 景興 (1774)". François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart) (in French). 14 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  11. ^ Albert Schroeder, Annam, Études numismatiques, n°589. (in French)
  12. ^ a b c Greenbaum 2006, p. 18.
  13. ^ a b "Charms". Dr. Luke Roberts at the Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara. 24 October 2003. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  14. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 20.
  15. ^ a b Greenbaum 2006, p. 68–69.
  16. ^ "The Huainanzi and Vietnamese Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  17. ^ "Huge Vietnamese charm – Minh Mang Thong Bao". Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 1998. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  18. ^ a b Greenbaum 2006, p. 15, 16.
  19. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 16.
  20. ^ "Vietnamese charms in Vietnam War era". Tony Luc (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 29 April 1998. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  21. ^ "Charms with Quang Trung's Reign Title". Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 2 May 1998. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  22. ^ "Charms with Ham Nghi's Reign Title". Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 30 April 1998. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  23. ^ "Khai Dinh Trong Bao charm". Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website). 29 April 1998. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
  24. ^ a b François Thierry de Crussol (14 September 2015). "Faux de la période américaine (ca 1960–1975). – Fakes of the American period (ca 1960–1975)" (in French). TransAsiart. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  25. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 22.
  26. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 23.
  27. ^ a b c d Greenbaum 2006, p. 24.
  28. ^ a b Greenbaum 2006, p. 28, 29.
  29. ^ a b c Greenbaum 2006, p. 36.
  30. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 104.
  31. ^ a b c Greenbaum 2006, p. 105.
  32. ^ a b c ""Song of Unending Sorrow" Charm". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 6 May 2011. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Greenbaum 2006, p. 88–89.
  34. ^ a b c Greenbaum 2006, p. 165.
  35. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 166.
  36. ^ a b c d Greenbaum 2006, p. 156–157.
  37. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 6, 7.
  38. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons (Four seasons Yinyang charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  39. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 8, 9.
  40. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 12, 13, 14.
  41. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 30, 31, 32, and 33.
  42. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 38, 39, and 40.
  43. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 44, 45.
  44. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 46, 47, 48, and 49.
  45. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 50, 51.
  46. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 52, 53.
  47. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 56, 57.
  48. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 64, 65, and 66.
  49. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 84, 85.
  50. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 88, 89.
  51. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 90–93.
  52. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 102, 103.
  53. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 114–116.
  54. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 128, 129.
  55. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 130, 131.
  56. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 138, 139.
  57. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 150, 151.
  58. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 154, 155.
  59. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 2, 3, and 4.
  60. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 142, 143.
  61. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 134, 135.
  62. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 108, 109.
  63. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 140, 141.
  64. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 98, 99, and 100.
  65. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 58, 59, 60, and 61.
  66. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 62, 63.
  67. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Démonifuge bouddhique (Bouddhist charm against demons)" (in French). TransAsiart. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  68. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 72–75.
  69. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm). - Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit" (in French). TransAsiart. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  70. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 76, 77.
  71. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 78, 79, and 80.
  72. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 82, 83.
  73. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 148, 149.
  74. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 10, 11.
  75. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 34, 35, 36, and 37.
  76. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 42, 43.
  77. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 54, 55.
  78. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 104, 105.
  79. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 124–127.
  80. ^ Greenbaum 2006, p. 174, 175.

Sources

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Further reading

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