Wikipedia

Energy islands of Denmark

(Redirected from VindØ)

The energy islands of Denmark are two large-scale offshore wind farm projects that the government of Denmark is planning to establish, in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea respectively, by 2030. In the North Sea, an artificial island will be constructed with the capacity to serve as a hub for up to 3 GW of offshore wind farms initially, and potentially up to 10 GW in the future. The artificial island may take the form of a sand island, steel platforms, or a large container lowered into place and filled with stone material, and would be located approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) west of Jutland, at a water depth of 26–27 metres (85–89 ft).[1][2] In the Baltic Sea, a hub will be built on the natural island of Bornholm that will be able to serve up to 3 GW of offshore wind farms.[3][4]

The project will be the largest construction project in Denmark's history and will increase the country's total offshore wind energy capacity fourfold if the initial phase is completed or sevenfold if fully expanded.[1][5][6] As of 2024, the completion is planned for 2036 at cost of $30 billion.[7]

Background

edit

In June 2016, Dutch electrical grid operator TenneT first presented its vision for the construction of a large European electricity system in the North Sea, based on a "hub and spoke" architecture, with international submarine power cables to participating countries forming the spokes, and a centrally built artificial island connected to large offshore wind farms forming the hub.[8][9][10] In February 2017, a study commissioned by TenneT reported that as much as 110 GW of wind energy generating capacity could ultimately be developed at Dogger Bank in the North Sea.[11]

At the North Seas Energy Forum in Brussels in March 2017, TenneT Netherlands, TenneT Germany, and the Danish grid operator Energinet signed a trilateral agreement to cooperate in the further development of one or more "power link islands" in the North Sea under the auspices of the North Sea Wind Power Hub consortium.[12][13] In February 2019, the consortium published two reports establishing a foundation for their planning: a spatial planning report and a cost evaluation report.[14][15]

In June 2019, after the 2019 Danish general election, a new governing coalition was formed in Denmark between the Social Democrats, the Social Liberal Party, the Socialist People's Party, and the Red–Green Alliance. As part of the coalition agreement, the new government committed to pursue the establishment of an offshore energy island with a minimum capacity of 10 GW by the year 2030.[16]

In June 2020, a broad majority of the Danish Parliament, including the government coalition parties and opposition parties Venstre, Danish People's Party, The Conservative People's Party, Liberal Alliance and The Alternative, collectively representing 171 out of the 179 members of the parliament, agreed to begin the establishment of two energy island hubs with a total capacity of 5 GW, scheduled for completion by 2030: one on the island of Bornholm with a capacity of 2 GW, and one in the North Sea with a capacity of 3 GW.[17][5][2]

North Sea

edit
 
Area designated for preliminary studies for placement of the energy island in the North Sea.

In March 2017, TenneT Netherlands, TenneT Germany and Energinet signed an agreement for the development of a large-scale, trans-European system for renewable energy in the North Sea with the potential to supply as many as 100 million European citizens with renewable energy by the year 2050. According to the three companies, establishing an artificial power link island at a location such as Dogger Bank would have many advantages: the site offers wind conditions and shallow water depths optimal for the operation of offshore wind turbines. A power link island would enable near-shore connections and thus reduce costs at the otherwise far offshore location holding a potential for as much as 100 GW of wind energy generation. It would be possible to distribute the generated wind energy via direct current cable connections to all countries bordering the North Sea: the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway and Belgium. And finally, these same cables could also serve as interconnectors between the energy markets of the involved countries, allowing the countries to buy and sell electricity through them.[18]

According to the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities, the potential size of a project so far out at sea would make it possible to produce green energy at a previously unseen scale. This could help balance the variability of supply that the connected countries might otherwise experience from their own sources of renewable energy. The electricity from the island could also potentially be converted to electrofuels via Power-to-X technologies for use in industries that cannot use electricity from renewables directly.[6][19] An analysis conducted by the ministry found that an island with 10 GW of power generation capacity would be able to produce enough renewable fuel to fully supply all ships and airplanes that refuel in Denmark.[20]

Political agreement

edit

In February 2021, the Danish Parliament reached a deal on the basic framework for the construction of an energy island in the North Sea.[1][21][22] The project will be the largest construction project in Denmark's history with an estimated total cost of kr. 210 billion, equivalent to about five times the cost of the Great Belt Fixed Link. Initially, the island will have a capacity for 3 GW of wind power, enough to power about 3 million European households. In the longer term, it will be possible to expand the island to a capacity of 10 GW, corresponding to the power needs of about 10 million households. The facility will be designated as critical infrastructure and the state will be required to retain a majority stake in its ownership, while one or more private investors must hold a minority stake. The electrical transmission system between the island and adjacent countries will be constructed and owned by Energinet and relevant international partners.[6][19]

The island is to be designed so it is possible to install facilities both for storing energy received on the island and for converting it into fuel products for use in shipping, aviation, industry and heavy-duty vehicles. With the initial capacity, it is expected the island will have a total area of at least 120,000 square metres (1,300,000 sq ft), equivalent to the area of about 18 standard football pitches. If expanded to the full 10 GW of capacity, the island is expected to reach a total area of 460,000 square metres (5,000,000 sq ft), equivalent to about 64 football pitches. Depending on the outcome of the procurement, in the initial phase, the surrounding wind farm could consist of as many as 200 very large wind turbines, each with an expected height of over 260 metres (850 ft). If expanded to full capacity, the number of wind turbines could increase to a total of 650.[6][19]

In July 2021, the Danish Energy Agency submitted a proposal for a law on the design and construction of the energy island in the North Sea on the basis of the political agreement to public consultation.[23] To keep up with industry development, the Agency considers a turbine height up to 500 m (1,600 ft), equivalent to 62 MW per turbine.[24]

In September 2021, political agreement was reached on additional provisions of the framework in preparation of the tender for the island. It was decided that the project is to be organized as a corporation in which the state owns at least 50.1% of the shares while a private partner owns at most 49.9% of the shares. The private partner and the concrete design and execution of the project will both be chosen in one overall tender. It will thus be up to private investors, developers and other relevant parties to come together to form suitable bids for the whole project. It was also decided that it should be possible for bidders to define spaces on the island that can be flexibly rented out for innovative commercial purposes such as energy storage, Power-to-X generation or data center operations. Profits from the project are to be divided between the state and the private partner according to the size of their stakes in the corporation.[25][26][27]

In October 2021, the proposed law on the design and construction of the energy island in the North Sea was put to the Danish Parliament by the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities Dan Jørgensen.[28] On 25 November 2021, the proposal was voted into law by the parliament with 98 votes in favor and 4 votes against.[29]

Preliminary studies

edit

In November 2020, Danish parliamentarians agreed to initiate preparatory investigations in a wide area of consideration in the North Sea for the location of a power link island and 3 GW of connected offshore wind farms. The installations would be located at least 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of Thorsminde on Denmark’s west coast.[30][31] In February 2021, the parliamentarians agreed to narrow the area to a location approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the coast.[32][33]

In April 2021, Energinet awarded the companies Fugro and MMT assignments to conduct geophysical surveys of the seabed in the area of consideration to a depth of 100 metres below the sea floor.[34][35][36][37] The first survey ship began work in May 2021.[38][39] In August 2022, Energinet contracted COWI to produce an integrated geological model on the basis of surveys of the site.[40][41]

In June 2021, the company Intertek announced that it had been commissioned by Energinet to undertake constraints analysis, consenting advice, and cable route and landfall assessments for the energy island in the North Sea.[42][43] In January 2022, Energinet awarded Fugro with a contract to conduct cable route surveys between the future site of the island and potential landfalls in Denmark.[44][45][46] In April 2022, Energinet recommended that the power cable from the island be connected to the Danish electrical grid through a facility already being built for the Viking Link cable at Revsing in Vejen Municipality, Jutland.[47] In August 2022, the company Ramboll was awarded a contract by Energinet to assess external threats, risks and sufficient burial depths for the island's subsea cable.[48][49]

In September 2021, Energinet awarded the company Niras an assignment to conduct environmental studies of the area of consideration for the North Sea energy island until 2024.[50][51][52]

In May 2022, Ramboll announced that it had been commissioned by Energinet to develop a conceptual design for the electrical infrastructure for the island.[53][54] In February 2023, Energinet issued a tender call for a ten-year contract for technical consultancy services related to the procurement and commissioning of the electrical infrastructure of the island.[55][56]

Procurement

edit

Throughout 2021, the Danish Energy Agency conducted market dialogues with relevant commercial operators about the procurement framework for the artificial island in the North Sea.[57][58] In 2022, the agency conducted a dialogue with potential bidders to clarify their need for geotechnical investigations of the future site of the project.[59] In April 2023, the agency began a market dialogue regarding the technical requirements for the surrounding offshore wind farms and their connections to the island.[60]

In June 2021, the Danish Energy Agency awarded Sweco Danmark a four-year contract to provide technical advice and assistance in preparation of the tender for the island.[61][62] Sweco has been involved in other public construction projects in Denmark previously, including in the establishment of the artificial island Peberholm in the strait of Øresund.[62] In August 2022, Sweco was selected as advisor by the agency for the next 9 years.[63][64][65][66]

More than 20 market actors have participated in the preparatory dialogues with the Danish Energy Agency so far.[67][68][69] The following parties have publicly expressed interest in bidding on the upcoming tender:

  • In May 2020, the VindØ consortium announced that it was planning a bid for the construction and operation of the North Sea energy island. The consortium consists of the Danish pension funds PensionDanmark and PFA Pension, regional grid operator Andel, and financial services firm Nykredit. The fund management company Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP) is the developer of the project.[70][71][72] The consortium has commissioned Ramboll to provide high-level support for the project. Ramboll will study the possibilities for establishing large-scale Power-to-X facilities on the island for converting power to products such as hydrogen and ammonia for use in industry and shipping as well as facilities for local energy storage such as batteries. Because the industrial processes on the island are expected to generate significant amounts of heat, possibly enough to supply entire cities, options for utilizing this by-product are also being examined. Ramboll will also study the feasibility of running a data center on the island, given the availability of green energy at the location and the island's potential proximity to international data cables in the North Sea, as well as the options for the island's port, which could potentially be offered for use to third parties such as fishing vessels, maritime authorities etc. Finally, the company will look at the possibilities for accommodation and recreational areas for the island's inhabitants.[73][74] In November 2021, CIP announced that it had signed a partnership agreement to develop the bid with a group of construction companies known as the NJORD Group, consisting of Acciona, Boskalis, DEME and MT Højgaard International. The group will be advised by the engineering consultancy company Niras, while COWI will act as owner's engineer on the project.[75][76][77] In June 2022, PensionDanmark announced that the energy company Shell plc had signed a memorandum of understanding to join the consortium in order to enter a collaboration to produce green hydrogen on the island.[78][79][80] In May 2023, Shell formally joined the consortium.[81][82]
  • In April 2021, Danish energy company Ørsted and the pension fund ATP announced that they were planning a bid for the construction and operation of the North Sea energy island. The companies said they would study the optimal integration of Power-to-X on the island.[83][84] In September 2021, the two companies announced that they were bringing on board the construction companies Aarsleff, Bouygues and Van Oord as partners for their bid.[85][86] In March 2022, the consortium presented its concept for an energy island called "North Sea Energy Island" based on a relatively small fixed central island, built by land reclamation, that can be expanded indefinitely with flexible modular platforms built onshore and transported by sea for connection to the central island as need arises and removed again or replaced when no longer needed. According to the consortium, this modular model can both be deployed faster than a large, non-modular island, be more easily upgraded beyond the planned 10 GW of capacity, and be more easily adapted to accommodate rapidly changing green energy technologies.[87][88] In May 2022, the consortium announced that it had appointed Arup Group as technical advisor for the project.[89][90][91] In June 2022, the consortium announced that it had signed an agreement with data network infrastructure provider GlobalConnect to make the island a "cross-border digital hub", stating that it offered a natural intersection for the future data communications grid of the North Sea countries.[92][93][94]

The Danish Energy Agency has said that further work will focus on a flexible island concept that combines a fixed reclaimed island with movable modular platforms, while leaving room to innovate on the island after it has been built.[67][68][69] Under this model, the fixed island could feature a harbour, equipment for transmission of electricity, and areas for operations and accommodation, while facilities for Power-to-X might be placed on adjacent platforms.[95]

In June 2023, the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities postponed the tender until later in 2023 in order to analyze more options, citing the cost of the concept as envisioned at the time.[96][97][98]

In 2024 the project was further delayed, with Belgium exiting the project and Germany declaring intent to join it. The estimated cost at this stage is $30 billion with estimated completion date of 2036.[99]

International partnerships

edit

Since December 2020, the governments of the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg have all entered agreements with the government of Denmark to increase cooperation with respect to the expansion of offshore wind energy, including potentially the energy island in the North Sea.[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108]

In February 2021, Belgian transmission system operator Elia and Energinet announced that they had signed an agreement to assess the feasibility of a hybrid interconnector between Belgium and Denmark via the North Sea island by the end of 2021.[109][110][111] The preliminary assessment found that the project would be technologically challenging, but feasible.[112][113] In November 2021, Belgian Minister of Energy Tinne Van der Straeten and Danish Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities Dan Jørgensen signed a memorandum of agreement to establish a connection between Belgium and Denmark via the Danish energy island in the North Sea. Elia and Energinet also signed an agreement to cooperate on the development of the project.[114][115][116] The interconnector would be named TritonLink and would cover a distance of more than 600 kilometres (370 mi) between the two countries.[112][113][117]

In May 2022, the energy ministers of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark signed an agreement for the establishment of the island with 3 GW of wind power and connections to Belgium and Denmark by 2033, expansion of the island's capacity to 10 GW by 2040, and preparations for additional connections to Germany and the Netherlands.[118][119] The ministers of the Netherlands and Denmark also signed a bilateral agreement to jointly develop a concept for either an electricity interconnector or a hydrogen pipeline between the island and a future energy hub in the Dutch North Sea and potentially connections to the United Kingdom and Norway, with a view towards realization in 2035.[120][121]

In December 2022, Elia and Energinet announced a joint tender for consultancy services related to the development of the TritonLink interconnector. According to the tender contract notice, the link would connect the high-voltage grids of Belgium and Denmark via the Danish energy island in the North Sea and a separate energy island to be built in the Belgian North Sea (Princess Elisabeth Island).[122][123][117]

In April 2023, the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark agreed to develop an interconnected system of energy islands and clusters in the North Sea by the mid-2030s on the basis of work conducted by the nations' grid operators.[124][125] Germany and Denmark additionally agreed to investigate possibilities for connecting Denmark's energy island in the North Sea to a 10 GW offshore wind power hub in the German North Sea.[124][126] The German transmission system operator Amprion and Energinet subsequently announced that they had signed a memorandum of understanding to explore possibilities for establishing a hybrid interconnector between the island and an offshore wind grid in the German North Sea.[127][128][129] The governments of the United Kingdom and Denmark signed a memorandum of understanding to assess the possibilities for connecting the island to the United Kingdom as well.[124][130] Belgium and Denmark also agreed to assess the possibilities for establishing another interconnector between the two countries after 2033, in addition to the already agreed TritonLink connection.[124]

Baltic Sea

edit
 
Area designated for preliminary studies for placement of the energy island in the Baltic Sea.

In November 2019, the Danish energy company Ørsted proposed making the natural island Bornholm in the Baltic Sea the center point of an already envisioned electricity interconnection between Poland and Denmark, and gradually building out up to 3–5 GW of offshore wind capacity on the sandbank Rønne Banke off the coast of the island, thus forming an energy hub as proposed by the North Sea Wind Power Hub consortium in the Baltic Sea, albeit on a natural island rather than an artificial one. In addition to Poland, the hub could also eventually be connected to Germany and Sweden.[131][132][133]

Political agreement

edit

In August 2022, the Danish Parliament agreed to increase the capacity of the proposed Baltic Sea energy island wind farm to 3 GW from the previously planned 2 GW. Under the agreement, the wind turbines will be placed 15–45 kilometres (9.3–28.0 mi) from the coast of Bornholm. A 245 kilometres (152 mi) long subsea power cable with a capacity of 1.2 GW will be installed to connect the hub on Bornholm to the Danish mainland on Zealand. The government will also work to connect the hub to the local grid on Bornholm, and in the longer term it should be possible to connect technologies for energy storage and Power-to-X.[3][4][134] The project is estimated to require investments of €9 billion, including €3 billion for the electrical infrastructure and €6 billion for the construction of the wind farm, and is expected to be able to produce enough energy to power up to around 4.5 million European households when it begins operation in 2030.[135][3] In May 2023, the Danish Parliament reached an agreement to fund the project on the government budget up to a limit of kr. 17.6 billion over 20 years.[136][137]

Preliminary studies

edit

In November 2020, Danish parliamentarians chose two areas in the Baltic Sea, approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south and southwest, respectively, off the island of Bornholm, for the development of 2 GW of offshore wind farms for the project.[30][31] In October 2021, the Danish Energy Agency announced that it had instructed Energinet to expand the area of consideration and investigate the possibility of increasing the capacity of the proposed Baltic Sea energy island wind farm to 3 GW from the previous 2 GW.[138][139]

In April 2021, Energinet awarded the company GEOxyz an assignment to conduct geophysical surveys of the seabed in the area of consideration.[37][140] The first survey ship began work in August 2021.[141] In August 2022, Energinet contracted the company Ramboll to produce an integrated geological model on the basis of surveys of the site.[40][41]

In April 2021, Energinet also hired Ramboll to map possible routes and landing locations for submerged power cables between the Baltic Sea energy island and adjacent countries.[142][143] In January 2022, Energinet awarded the company MMT with a contract to conduct cable route surveys for the Baltic Sea energy island.[144][46] In August 2022, the company Primo Marine was awarded a contract by Energinet to assess external threats, risks and sufficient burial depths for the island's subsea cable.[48][49]

In September 2021, Energinet awarded Ramboll an assignment to conduct environmental studies of the area of consideration for the Baltic Sea energy island until 2024.[50][51][52] In March 2022, Energinet announced that it was initiating environmental field investigations on the islands of Bornholm and Zealand in areas being considered for the establishment of high voltage stations and underground cables in connection to the Baltic Sea energy island.[145][146][147]

Procurement

edit

In March 2022, Energinet submitted an application to establish the project's electrical infrastructure on and between Bornholm and Zealand to the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities.[148] In October 2022, the Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities Dan Jørgensen approved the application.[149][150][148]

In the latter half of 2022, the Danish Energy Agency and Energinet conducted market dialogues with potential tenderers and relevant industry associations regarding the Baltic Sea energy island.[151][152][153]

In May 2023, German transmission system operator 50Hertz and Energinet launched a market dialogue regarding the establishment of the cable connections between Bornholm and the German and Danish mainlands.[154][155]

International partnerships

edit

In December 2020, the governments of Germany and Denmark entered an agreement to work closer together on the expansion of offshore wind energy, including potentially the energy island in the Baltic Sea.[102][103][104]

In January 2021, German transmission system operator 50Hertz and Energinet announced that they had signed an agreement to assess the feasibility of a hybrid interconnector between Germany and Denmark via the Baltic Sea island by the end of 2021.[156][157][158] In November 2021, 50Hertz and Energinet signed an agreement to begin formal feasibility studies of the project.[114][115][116]

In July 2022, the governments of Germany and Denmark signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly build the interconnector, including a substation on Bornholm and a 470 kilometres (290 mi) long subsea cable with a capacity of 2 GW from the substation to Germany. Both countries will contribute funding to the project and receive shares of the energy it produces.[159][3][160][134][148] In November 2022, 50Hertz and Energinet expanded their existing cooperation agreement with new agreements regarding ownership and costs, among other things.[148] In June 2023, the governments of Germany and Denmark entered a legally binding agreement on the implementation of the project.[161][162]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c "Denmark to build 'first energy island' in North Sea". BBC News. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  2. ^ a b "Energy Islands". Energistyrelsen. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  3. ^ a b c d Buljan, Adrijana (29 August 2022). "Denmark and Germany to Build Bornholm Energy Island Together". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  4. ^ a b Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (29 August 2022). "Bredt flertal: Energiø Bornholm udvides og forbindes til Tyskland". kefm.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  5. ^ a b Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (22 June 2020). "Denmark ushers in new era in renewable energy, vowing to create world's first "Energy Islands" | Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsministeriet". via.ritzau.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  6. ^ a b c d "Danmark bliver en ø rigere: Verdens første energiø etableres 80 km ude i Nordsøen". kefm.dk (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  7. ^ Reporter, Marni Rose McFall Live News (2024-08-28). "Denmark's $30 billion 'energy island' pushed to 2036". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  8. ^ "TenneT Presents 'Hub and Spoke' Offshore Wind Concept (VIDEO)". OffshoreWIND.biz. 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  9. ^ "Plan voor kunstmatig eiland voor windenergie op zee". nos.nl (in Dutch). 10 June 2016. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  10. ^ TenneT (13 June 2016). "TenneT presents Hub and Spoke concept for large scale wind energy on the North Sea". www.tennet.eu. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  11. ^ Mulder, Saskia (16 February 2017). "Offshore Wind Capacity Dogger Bank" (PDF). Royal HaskoningDHV. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  12. ^ "First meeting of North Seas Energy Forum". European Commission. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  13. ^ "UPDATE - Dutch, Danish and German TSOs sign power island deal". Renewables Now. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  14. ^ "Towards Spatial Planning of Offshore North Sea Offshore Wind (4 February 2019)" (PDF). North Sea Wind Power Hub. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  15. ^ "Cost Evaluation of North Sea Offshore Wind Post 2030 (4 February 2019)" (PDF). North Sea Wind Power Hub. Witteveen+Bos. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  16. ^ Korsgaard, Kristine; Thomsen, Patrick Blåbjerg (16 June 2019). "Aftale: Her er de 18 sider, der gør Mette Frederiksen til statsminister". Altinget (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2019-09-09. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  17. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (22 June 2020). "Denmark Greenlights 5 GW Energy Islands, Second 1 GW Offshore Wind Farm". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  18. ^ "Three TSOs sign agreement on North Sea Wind Power Hub". energinet.dk. Energinet. 23 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  19. ^ a b c "ENERGI Ø - FAKTAARK" (PDF) (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Ny analyse: Kommende energiø i Nordsøen vil kunne levere grøn strøm til alle skibe og fly i Danmark". kefm.dk (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  21. ^ "Denmark strikes deal on £25bn artificial wind energy island". Guardian. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  22. ^ "Denmark decides to construct the world's first windenergy hub as an artificial island in the North Sea". en.kefm.dk. Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-07.
  23. ^ "Forslag til lov om projektering og anlæg af en energiø i Nordsøen". Høringsportalen (in Danish). Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  24. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (23 August 2022). "Danes talk 62 MW offshore wind turbines for North Sea Energy Island". Offshore Energy. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  25. ^ "Danish Parliament Decides on Energy Island Specifics, State to Own 50.1 Pct". Offshore Wind. 3 September 2021. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  26. ^ "Politisk aftale bringer energiøen i Nordsøen tættere på realisering". kefm.dk (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  27. ^ "UDBUDSFORBEREDENDE AFTALE OM ENERGIØEN I NORDSØEN" (PDF) (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  28. ^ "Forslag til Lov om projektering og anlæg af en energiø i Nordsøen" (PDF). Folketingstidende (in Danish). Parliament of Denmark. 6 October 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  29. ^ "L 29 Forslag til lov om projektering og anlæg af en energiø i Nordsøen". Folketinget (in Danish). Parliament of Denmark. 15 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  30. ^ a b Durakovic, Adnan (23 November 2020). "Denmark Moves Forward with Energy Islands". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  31. ^ a b "Ny aftale tager næste skridt mod verdens første energiøer". kefm.dk (in Danish). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  32. ^ "Energiøer". Energistyrelsen (in Danish). 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  33. ^ "Tillæg til klimaaftale om energi og industri af 22. juni 2020 vedr. Ejerskab og konstruktion af energiøer mv" (PDF) (in Danish). 4 February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  34. ^ "Fugro, MMT to carry out Danish energy island probes". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  35. ^ "Fugro, MMT Tapped for Seabed Mapping Work at Danish Wind Energy Hub in North Sea". Offshore Engineer Magazine. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  36. ^ "First ships soon to sail toward energy island". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  37. ^ a b Energinet (14 June 2021). "Services - 308678-2021 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  38. ^ Gade, Benny (3 May 2021). "Startskuddet gik i Thyborøn til Danmarks-historiens største anlægsinvestering". Dagbladet Ringkøbing-Skjern (in Danish). Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  39. ^ "First ship ever sailed to the future energy island". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  40. ^ a b Buljan, Adrijana (2 September 2022). "Ramboll, COWI to Deliver Integrated Geological Models for Danish Energy Island Offshore Wind Farms". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  41. ^ a b Energinet (29 August 2022). "Services - 480296-2022 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  42. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (2021-06-08). "Intertek and NIRAS Join North Sea Energy Island Roster". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 2021-06-09. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  43. ^ "Intertek to Undertake Technical Assessment for the Energinet Energy Islands Project in Denmark". www.intertek.com. 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  44. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (18 January 2022). "Fugro Unleashing Blue Snake at North Sea Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  45. ^ "Fugro secures cable route survey contract for Denmark's Energy Islands development supporting the transition to renewable energy". www.fugro.com. Fugro. 18 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  46. ^ a b Energinet (14 January 2022). "Services - 30830-2022 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  47. ^ "Energinet anbefaler at tilslutte strøm fra Energiø Nordsøen til højspændingsnettet ved Revsing i Vejen Kommune". energinet.dk (in Danish). 12 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  48. ^ a b Buljan, Adrijana (24 August 2022). "Ramboll, Primo Marine Win Consultancy Work on Subsea Cable Routes for Danish Energy Islands". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  49. ^ a b Energinet (19 August 2022). "Services - 462414-2022 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  50. ^ a b "Energinet kicks off environmental probe for energy islands". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  51. ^ a b "Energinet is launching offshore environmental studies at the energy islands". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  52. ^ a b Energinet (27 September 2021). "Services - 498260-2021 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  53. ^ "Energinet chooses Rambøll as partner for energy islands project". Energy Projects & Technology. 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  54. ^ "Rambøll vinder endnu en opgave med energiøerne". Rambøll i Danmark (in Danish). Ramboll. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  55. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (20 February 2023). "Energinet Issues EUR 30 Million Tender Call for Technical Consultancy for North Sea Energy Island HVAC/DC Equipment". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  56. ^ "Services - 99000-2023 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. 14 February 2023. Archived from the original on 21 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  57. ^ "Denmark opens second energy island dialogue". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 24 September 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  58. ^ Russell, Tom (24 September 2021). "Danish Energy Agency continues energy island market dialogue". 4c Offshore. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  59. ^ "Danes all ears on energy island survey needs". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 25 March 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  60. ^ Danish Energy Agency (12 April 2023). "Technical market dialogue regarding OWF area on the Energy Island in the North Sea". Energistyrelsen. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  61. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (2021-06-22). "Danes Select Sweco as Energy Island Technical Adviser". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  62. ^ a b "Sweco bliver teknisk rådgiver for Danmarks energiø i Nordsøen – Sweco Denmark". www.sweco.dk (in Danish). Sweco. 5 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  63. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (9 August 2022). "Sweco Lands Nine-Year, EUR 54 Million Contract for North Sea Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
  64. ^ "Sweco to advise on Danish energy island". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  65. ^ Sweco (4 August 2022). "Sweco selected as adviser for one of the world's first energy islands". Sweco Group. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  66. ^ Danish Energy Agency (4 August 2022). "Services - 435484-2022 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  67. ^ a b Buljan, Adrijana (5 July 2022). "Denmark Pushes North Sea Energy Island Tender Back by One Year". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  68. ^ a b "Energy Islands tender postponed to mid-2023". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 5 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  69. ^ a b Danish Energy Agency. "The Danish Energy Agency sets time to tender for the energy island in the North Sea and maintains the overall schedule | Danish Energy Agency". via.ritzau.dk. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  70. ^ Mathias Julius, Falkengaard (20 May 2020). "Konsortium har plan for energiø på 10 GW". EnergiWatch (in Danish). Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  71. ^ Filbert, Anne (5 February 2021). "Consortium ready to bid for Denmark's energy island". EnergyWatch. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  72. ^ "Consortium". VindØ. Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
  73. ^ Skopljak, Nadja (30 April 2021). "Ramboll Gets to Work on VindØ Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  74. ^ "Ramboll to support the VindØ consortium in developing innovative solutions in the planning of the world's first artificial energy island". Ramboll Group. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  75. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (30 November 2021). "Offshore Powerhouses Tapped for VindØ Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  76. ^ "CIP unveils energy island contractor team". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  77. ^ "CIP secures world-class global contractor group for the world's first energy island project - Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners". Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners. 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  78. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (21 June 2022). "Shell to Join Danish Energy Island Consortium". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  79. ^ Russell, Tom (21 June 2022). "Shell to join consortium planning to build North Sea Energy Island". 4c Offshore. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  80. ^ "Shell bliver ny partner i VindØ-konsortiet | Nyheder, PensionDanmark". PensionDanmark.com (in Danish). PensionDanmark. 20 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  81. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (3 May 2023). "Shell Joins VindØ Energy Island Consortium". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  82. ^ "Shell joins Danish energy island bid". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 3 May 2023. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  83. ^ Bernthal-Hooker, James (22 April 2021). "Ørsted and ATP announce energy island bid". 4c Offshore. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  84. ^ "Ørsted and ATP team up for bid on North Sea energy island". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  85. ^ "Ørsted and ATP Bring Out Big Guns for North Sea Energy Island Bid". OffshoreWIND.biz. 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  86. ^ "Ørsted-ATP team brings in construction partners for Danish energy island bid". Renewablesnow.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  87. ^ "Ørsted team proposes modular concept for North Sea energy island". Renewables Now. 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  88. ^ Ørsted A/S (31 March 2022). "More than just an island: Ørsted + ATP and partners present concept for energy island in the North Sea | Ørsted A/S". via.ritzau.dk. Ritzau. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  89. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (10 May 2022). "Ørsted and ATP Appoint Arup as Technical Advisor for Danish Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  90. ^ "Arup joins Orsted 'energy island' team". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  91. ^ "North Sea Energy Island consortium unveils Arup as lead engineering partner". northseaenergyisland.dk. North Sea Energy Island. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
  92. ^ "Orsted, ATP unveil digitisation plans for energy island". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  93. ^ Memija, Adnan (7 June 2022). "Ørsted, ATP Want to Make Danish Energy Island Cross-Border Digital Hub". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  94. ^ "Ørsted + ATP will work with GlobalConnect to make the North Sea Energy Island a digital hub". News Powered by Cision. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  95. ^ Josefsen, Hjalte (1 September 2022). "Power-to-X on open sea: The danish energy island will be smaller, but it will have small satellite platforms". Ingeniøren. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  96. ^ "UPDATE 2-Denmark postpones North Sea energy island tender due high cost". Reuters. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  97. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (28 June 2023). "Danish Government Postpones Tender for North Sea Energy Island, Current Concept Found to Be Too Expensive". OffshoreWIND.biz. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  98. ^ Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (28 June 2023). "The concept of Energy Island North Sea will be examined thoroughly". en.kefm.dk. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  99. ^ Reporter, Marni Rose McFall Live News (2024-08-28). "Denmark's $30 billion 'energy island' pushed to 2036". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  100. ^ "Denmark, Netherlands Working on Offshore Energy Hub". Offshore Engineer Magazine. 16 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  101. ^ "Additional Memorandum of Understanding between the Netherlands and Denmark on cooperation on offshore energy infrastructure" (PDF). Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (Netherlands). 10 December 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  102. ^ a b "Germany, Denmark agree closer offshore wind cooperation". Reuters. 14 December 2020. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  103. ^ a b "Germany and Denmark advance European expansion of offshore wind energy". www.bmwi.de. German Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Energy. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  104. ^ a b Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (14 December 2020). "Germany and Denmark promote European offshore wind development | Klima-, Energi- og Forsyningsministeriet". via.ritzau.dk. Ritzau. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  105. ^ De Roo, Marc (4 February 2021). "Deens energie-eiland moet België van stroom voorzien". De Tijd (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  106. ^ "Belgium and Denmark agree to promote offshore wind in the North Sea". en.kefm.dk. Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. Archived from the original on 2021-02-16. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
  107. ^ "Cooperation with Denmark: Luxembourg joins "energy islands" initiative". RTL Today. 11 June 2021. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  108. ^ "Le Luxembourg et le Danemark coopèrent pour réaliser les premières îles énergétiques au monde". gouvernement.lu (in French). Government of Luxembourg. 2021-11-06. Archived from the original on 2021-06-11. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  109. ^ "Elia and Energinet discuss green electricity project". Energy Global. 12 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  110. ^ "Elia and Energinet launch feasibility study for hybrid interconnector between Belgium and Denmark". www.eliagroup.eu. Elia Group. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  111. ^ "North Sea energy island can make Denmark and Belgium electricity neighbours". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. 12 February 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  112. ^ a b "Elia, Energinet extend hybrid interconnector collaboration". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 23 November 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  113. ^ a b Elia Transmission Belgium (23 November 2021). "Elia and Energinet's collaboration is advanced following preliminary study on hybrid interconnector between Belgium and Denmark" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  114. ^ a b Durakovic, Adnan (23 November 2021). "Denmark, Belgium, and Germany Step Closer to Energy Island Grid Links". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  115. ^ a b Radowitz, Bernd (23 November 2021). "'Energy islands step closer' as Belgium, Germany and Denmark ink link deals". Recharge. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  116. ^ a b "Realization of interconnections to energy islands in the North Sea and in the Baltic Sea moves a big step closer". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  117. ^ a b "TritonLink". energinet.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  118. ^ Winckelmans, Wim (18 May 2022). "België bouwt mee aan gigantisch windenergieproject in Noordzee". De Standaard (in Flemish). Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022. België engageert zich ook om samen met de andere landen bijkomend te investeren in het energie-eiland dat Denemarken voor zijn kust bouwt. Denemarken wil tegen 2033 een windeiland met een capaciteit van 3 GW te bouwen, dat via een ondergrondse kabel met België verbonden wordt. Met de Belgische steun moet de capaciteit ten laatste in 2040 opgetrokken worden naar 10 GW.
  119. ^ "THE DECLARATION OF ENERGY MINISTERS on The North Sea as a Green Power Plant of Europe" (PDF). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. 18 May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  120. ^ "Noordzeelanden ambiëren 150 GW offshore wind in 2050". Windenergie Nieuws (in Dutch). 19 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2022. Denemarken en Nederland zullen daarbij nagaan hoe het energie-eiland bij Denemarken te verbinden met een Nederlandse energiehub, met inbegrip van perspectieven voor offshore groene waterstofproductie. De beide landen tekenden hier een aparte verklaring voor.
  121. ^ "MINISTERIAL ENDORSEMENT OF JOINT RECOMMENDATIONS BASED UPON MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING (MoU) BETWEEN THE MINISTER FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY POLICY OF THE NETHERLANDS AND THE MINISTER OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND UTILITIES OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK ON COOPERATION ON OFFSHORE ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE" (PDF). Government of the Netherlands. 18 May 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  122. ^ Memija, Adnan (27 December 2022). "Energinet and Elia Seek Environmental Consultancy Services". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  123. ^ Energinet; Elia Assets NV (20 December 2022). "Services - 720949-2022 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  124. ^ a b c d Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. "Danmark indgår en række aftaler om tættere energiforbindelser til Europa". kefm.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  125. ^ "ESBJERG GROUP JOINT DECLARATION OF INTENT 2025 ACTIONS FOR MULTIPLE CONNECTED OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY HUBS" (pdf). German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. 24 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  126. ^ "JOINT DECLARATION OF INTENT BETWEEN THE FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS AND CLIMATE ACTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY AND THE MINISTRY OF CLIMATE, ENERGY AND UTILITIES OF THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK ON COOPERATION ON CONNECTING HYBRID OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS IN THE NORTH SEA" (pdf). German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. 24 April 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  127. ^ "UPDATE 1-Denmark, Germany to study hybrid power interconnector". Reuters. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  128. ^ Amprion (27 April 2023). "HYBRID INTERCONNECTOR BETWEEN GERMANY AND DENMARK: AMPRION AND ENERGINET AGREE ON CLOSE COOPERATION". www.amprion.net. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  129. ^ Energinet (27 April 2023). "Hybrid interconnector between Germany and Denmark: Amprion and Energinet agree on close cooperation". en.energinet.dk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  130. ^ "Memorandum of understanding between UK and Denmark on cooperation in the energy transition" (PDF). 24 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  131. ^ Lee, Andrew (25 November 2019). "Orsted plans 'world first' 5GW offshore wind energy island". Recharge. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  132. ^ Guldagger, Mette; Hannestad, Adam (24 November 2019). "Uden fortilfælde: Gigantisk vindmøllepark ud for Bornholm kan blive et grønt gennembrud for Danmark". Politiken (in Danish). Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  133. ^ "Bornholm can become the world's first energy island". State of Green. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  134. ^ a b Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities (29 August 2022). "Tillægsaftale om Energiø Bornholm 2022" (PDF) (in Danish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  135. ^ Delfs, Arne (29 August 2022). "German-Danish Baltic Wind Hub to Offset Russian Gas". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  136. ^ "Denmark to take 20% ownership of new offshore wind farms". Reuters. 30 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  137. ^ "Tillægsaftale om udbudsrammer for 6 GW havvind og Energiø Bornholm" (PDF). Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  138. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (14 October 2021). "Danes Eyeing Extra Gigawatt of Offshore Wind at Bornholm Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  139. ^ "Denmark examines boosting Bornholm energy island to 3GW". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  140. ^ Danish Energy Agency (14 April 2021). "Scope of Services – Baltic Sea OWF Bornholm I & II (Lot 3)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  141. ^ Hansen, Nicklas Dam (2 August 2021). "Forundersøgelser til energiø går i gang". TV 2/Bornholm (in Danish). TV 2. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  142. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (13 April 2021). "Ramboll to Map Out Bornholm Energy Island Export Cable Routes". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  143. ^ "Now the planning begins on the Bornholm energy island underwater cable routes". ramboll.com. Ramboll Group. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  144. ^ Skopljak, Nadja (20 January 2022). "MMT wins survey work for Baltic Sea energy island". Offshore Energy. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  145. ^ Russell, Tom (11 March 2022). "Energinet schedules Bornholm energy island surveys". 4c Offshore. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  146. ^ "Energinet to start surveys for Bornholm energy island". reNEWS - Renewable Energy News. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  147. ^ "De første feltundersøgelser til Energiø Bornholm går nu i gang". energinet.dk (in Danish). Energinet. 11 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  148. ^ a b c d "The Reader's Addendum to a Business Case for Bornholm Energy Island's Electricity Infrastructure" (PDF). Energinet. 7 November 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  149. ^ Stenvei, Michael (11 October 2022). "Danmarks første energiø: Dan Jørgensen blåstempler kæmpe regning til trængte elkunder". Finans (in Danish). Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  150. ^ Dan Jørgensen (4 October 2022). "Orientering om godkendelse af Energinets ansøgte projekt "Energiø Bornholms elinfrastruktur"" (PDF). Folketinget. Parliament of Denmark. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  151. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (1 July 2022). "Danes Invite Offshore Wind Industry's Input on Bornholm Energy Island". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  152. ^ Russell, Tom (1 July 2022). "DEA seeks feedback on expanded Bornholm Energy Island plans". 4c Offshore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  153. ^ "Invitation to market dialogue regarding Energy Island Bornholm offshore wind farm and other future wind farms". Energistyrelsen. 1 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  154. ^ Memija, Adnan (5 May 2023). "Germany, Denmark Probe Market for Bornholm Energy Island Cable Connection(s)". OffshoreWIND.biz. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  155. ^ "Works - 265073-2023 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily". ted.europa.eu. Tenders Electronic Daily. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  156. ^ Durakovic, Adnan (21 January 2021). "German and Danish TSOs Form Bornholm Energy Island Pact". OffshoreWIND.biz. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  157. ^ "50Hertz and Energinet sign Letter of Intent for offshore hub "Bornholm Energy Island" in the Baltic Sea". www.50hertz.com. 50Hertz. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  158. ^ "A Danish-German breakthrough for Bornholm as a future energy island". en.energinet.dk. Energinet. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  159. ^ "Germany secures link to planned Baltic Sea renewable energy island". Reuters. 29 August 2022. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  160. ^ Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities. "Denmark and Germany agree to landmark energy project that can supply up to 4.5 million European homes with electricity". en.kefm.dk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  161. ^ Buljan, Adrijana (2 June 2023). "Denmark and Germany sign Bornholm Energy Island agreement, first legally binding cooperation on joint offshore renewable energy project in EU". Offshore Energy. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  162. ^ "Agreement between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark on the Realisation of the Joint Project Bornholm Energy Island for the Generation and Transmission of Offshore Renewable Energy" (PDF). German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
edit
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_islands_of_Denmark&oldid=1242898511"