Vitamin E deficiency in humans is a very rare condition, occurring as a consequence of abnormalities in dietary fat absorption or metabolism rather than from a diet low in vitamin E.[1] Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs for vitamin E and other essential nutrients are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).[1] Vitamin E deficiency can cause nerve problems due to poor conduction of electrical impulses along nerves due to changes in nerve membrane structure and function.
| Vitamin E deficiency | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Endocrinology  |
Signs and symptoms
editSigns of vitamin E deficiency include the following:
- Neuromuscular problems – such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies.[2]
- Neurological problems – may include dysarthria, absence of deep tendon reflexes, loss of the ability to sense vibration and detect where body parts are in three dimensional space, and positive Babinski sign.[2]
- Hemolytic anemia – due to oxidative damage to red blood cells[2]
- Retinopathy[1][3][4]
- Impairment of the immune response[1][3][4]
Causes
editVitamin E deficiency is rare. There are no records of it from simple lack of vitamin E in a person's diet, but it can arise from physiological abnormalities.[1] It occurs in the people in the following situations:[2][5]
- Premature, very low birth weight infants – birth weights less than 1500 grams (3.3 pounds).[6]
- Rare disorders of fat metabolism – There is a rare genetic condition termed isolated vitamin E deficiency or 'ataxia with isolated with vitamin E deficiency', caused by mutations in the gene for the tocopherol transfer protein.[7] These individuals have an extremely poor capacity to absorb vitamin E and develop neurological complications that are reversed by high doses of vitamin E.
- Fat malabsorption – Some dietary fat is needed for the absorption of vitamin E from the gastrointestinal tract. Anyone diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, individuals who have had part or all of their stomach removed or who have had a gastric bypass, and individuals with malabsorptive problems such as Crohn's disease, liver disease or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency may not absorb fat (people who cannot absorb fat often pass greasy stools or have chronic diarrhea and bloating). Abetalipoproteinemia is a rare inherited disorder of fat metabolism that results in poor absorption of dietary fat and vitamin E.[8] The vitamin E deficiency associated with this disease causes problems such as poor transmission of nerve impulses and muscle weakness.
- Bariatric surgery - Surgery as a treatment for obesity can lead to vitamin deficiencies. Long-term follow-up reported a 16.5% prevalence of vitamin E deficiency.[9] There are guidelines for multivitamin supplementation, but adherence rates are reported to be less than 20%.[10]
Diagnosis
editThe U.S. Institute of Medicine defines deficiency as a serum concentration of less than 12 μmol/L. The symptoms can be enough for a diagnosis to be formed.[1]
Treatment
editTreatment is oral vitamin E supplementation.[3]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Institute of Medicine (2000). "Vitamin E". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 186–283. doi:10.17226/9810. ISBN 978-0-309-06935-9. PMID 25077263.
- ^ a b c d Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (July 1999). "Vitamin E: function and metabolism". FASEB J. 13 (10): 1145–55. doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.10.1145. PMID 10385606. S2CID 7031925.
- ^ a b c Office of Dietary Supplements. "Vitamin E Professional Fact Sheet". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
- ^ a b Kowdley KV, Mason JB, Meydani SN, Cornwall S, Grand RJ (June 1992). "Vitamin E deficiency and impaired cellular immunity related to intestinal fat malabsorption". Gastroenterology. 102 (6): 2139–42. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(92)90344-x. PMID 1587435.
- ^ Traber MG, Sies H (1996). "Vitamin E in humans: demand and delivery". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 16: 321–47. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001541. PMID 8839930.
- ^ Brion LP, Bell EF, Raghuveer TS (2003). "Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 (4): CD003665. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003665. PMC 8725195. PMID 14583988.
- ^ Manor D, Morley S (2007). "The alpha-tocopherol transfer protein". Vitam. Horm. Vitamins & Hormones. 76: 45–65. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(07)76003-X. ISBN 9780123735928. PMID 17628171.
- ^ Muller DP, Lloyd JK, Wolff OH (1983). "Vitamin E and Neurological Function: Abetalipoproteinaemia and Other Disorders of Fat Absorption". In Porter R, Whelan J (eds.). Biology of Vitamin E. Ciba Foundation Symposium, vol. 101. pp. 106–121. doi:10.1002/9780470720820.ch8. ISBN 9780470720820. PMID 6557902.
- ^ Chen L, Chen Y, Yu X, Liang S, Guan Y, Yang J, Guan B (July 2024). "Long-term prevalence of vitamin deficiencies after bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis". Langenbecks Arch Surg. 409 (1): 226. doi:10.1007/s00423-024-03422-9. PMID 39030449.
- ^ Ha J, Kwon Y, Kwon JW, Kim D, Park SH, Hwang J, Lee CM, Park S (July 2021). "Micronutrient status in bariatric surgery patients receiving postoperative supplementation per guidelines: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies". Obes Rev. 22 (7): e13249. doi:10.1111/obr.13249. PMID 33938111.