Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
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The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t͡ɕ⟩, ⟨t͜ɕ⟩, ⟨c͡ɕ⟩ and ⟨c͜ɕ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_s\ and c_s\, though transcribing the stop component with ⟨c⟩ (c in X-SAMPA) is rare. The tie bar may be omitted, yielding ⟨tɕ⟩ or ⟨cɕ⟩ in the IPA and ts\ or cs\ in X-SAMPA. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A8 ʨ LATIN SMALL LETTER TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| tɕ | |||
| ʨ | |||
| cɕ | |||
| IPA Number | 215 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʨ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A8 | ||
| X-SAMPA | t_s\ | ||
| |||
Neither [t] nor [c] are a completely narrow transcription of the stop component, which can be narrowly transcribed as [t̠ʲ] (retracted and palatalized [t]) or [c̟] (advanced [c]). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are t_-' or t_-_j and c_+, respectively. There is also a dedicated symbol ⟨ȶ⟩, which is not a part of the IPA. Therefore, narrow transcriptions of the voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate include [t̠ʲɕ], [c̟ɕ] and [ȶɕ].
It occurs in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Serbo-Croatian or Russian, and is the sibilant equivalent of voiceless palatal affricate. U+107AB 𐞫 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TC DIGRAPH WITH CURL is a superscript IPA letter.[1]
Features
editFeatures of the voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolo-palatal. This means that:
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, meaning that the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth in the area behind the alveolar ridge (the gum line).
- Its tongue shape is laminal, meaning that it is the tongue blade that contacts the roof of the mouth.
- It is heavily palatalized, meaning that the middle of the tongue is bowed and raised towards the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
edit| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burmese | ကျ | [tɕäʔ] | 'fall' | ||
| Catalan[2] | All dialects | fletxa | [ˈfɫet͡ɕɐ] | 'arrow' | See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian | xec | [ˈt͡ɕek] | 'cheque' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 豬 / Yale: jyū / Jyutping: zyu¹ | 'pig' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t͡s/, usually in front of the front high vowels /iː/, /ɪ/, /yː/. See Cantonese phonology | |
| Mandarin | 北京 / Běijīng | 'Beijing' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Pronounced by some speakers as a palatalized dental. In complementary distribution with [t͡s], [k], and [ʈ͡ʂ] series. See Standard Chinese phonology | ||
| Chuvash | чипер/çiper | [t͡ɕi'p̬ɛr] | 'cute' | ||
| Danish[3] | tjener | [ˈt͡ɕeːnɐ] | 'servant' | Normal realization of the sequence /tj/.[3] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch | gaatjes | 'little holes' | |||
| Dzongkha | ཆུ / chuu | [t͡ɕuː] | 'water' | ||
| Irish | Some dialects[4][5][6] | tír | [t͡ɕiːɾʲ] | 'country' | Realization of the palatalized alveolar stop /tʲ/ in dialects such as Erris, Teelin and Tourmakeady.[4][5][6] See Irish phonology |
| Japanese | 知人/chijin | [t͡ɕiʑĩɴ] | 'acquaintance' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 제비/jebi | [t͡ɕebi] | 'swallow' | See Korean phonology | |
| Marathi | चिंच/çinç | [t͡ɕint̪͡sə] | 'tamarind' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of [tʃ]. See Marathi phonology | |
| Okinawan | 'ucinaaguci | [ʔut͡ɕinaːɡut͡ɕi] | 'Okinawan language' | Merged with [ts]. | |
| Polish[7] | ćma | 'moth' | See Polish phonology | ||
| Romanian | Banat dialect[8] | frate | [ˈfrat͡ɕe] | 'brother' | One of the most distinct phonological features of the Banat dialect: allophone of /t/ before front vowels. Corresponds to [t] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Russian | чуть/čuť | [t͡ɕʉtʲ] | 'barely' | See Russian phonology | |
| Sema[9] | akichi | [à̠kìt͡ɕì] | 'mouth' | Possible allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before /i, e/; can be realized as [t͡ʃ] instead.[9] | |
| Serbo-Croatian[10] | лећа/leća | [lět͡ɕä] | 'lentils' | Merges into /t͡ʃ/ in dialects that do not distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. | |
| Slovene | Dialects with tʼ–č distinction (such as Resian) | teči | [ˈt̪ɛ̀ːt͡ɕì] | 'con artist' | In Standard Slovene obsolete. See Slovene phonology |
| Sorbian | Lower[11] | šćit | [ɕt͡ɕit̪] | 'protection' | |
| Swedish | Finland | kjol | [t͡ɕuːl] | 'skirt' | See Swedish phonology |
| Thai[12] | จาน/čán | [t͡ɕaːn] | 'dish' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Urarina[13] | katsa | [kat͡ɕá] | 'man' | ||
| Uzbek[14] | chumoli | [ˈt͡ɕumɔˌlɪ] | 'ant' | ||
| Vietnamese | cha | [t͡ɕa] | 'father' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Xumi[15][16] | [t͡ɕɐ˦] | 'star' | |||
| Yi | ꏢ/ji | [t͡ɕi˧] | 'sour' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms | |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF).
- ^ Wheeler (2005:12)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:148)
- ^ a b Mhac an Fhailigh (1968:36–37)
- ^ a b Wagner (1959:9–10)
- ^ a b de Búrca (1958:24–25)
- ^ Jassem (2003:105)
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b Teo (2014:24)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
- ^ Zygis (2003), pp. 180–181.
- ^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ^ Olawsky (2006), p. 39.
- ^ Sjoberg (1963:12)
- ^ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ^ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
References
edit- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
- de Búrca, Seán (1958), The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-49-9
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Olawsky, Knut J. (2006), A Grammar of Urarina, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110190205
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. (1993), "Thai", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (1): 24–26, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746, S2CID 242001518
- Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn (in Irish), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 1-85500-055-5
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925814-7
- Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives", ZAS Papers in Linguistics, 3: 175–213, doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0