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Wadō-ryū

(Redirected from Wado-ryu)

Wadō-ryū (和道流) is one of the four major karate styles[d] and was founded by Hironori Ōtsuka (1892–1982).[5][6] Ōtsuka was a Menkyo Kaiden licensed Shindō Yōshin-ryū practitioner of Tatsusaburo Nakayama and a student of Yōshin-ryū prior to meeting the Okinawan karate master Gichin Funakoshi. After having learned from Funakoshi, and after their split, with Okinawan masters such as Kenwa Mabuni and Motobu Chōki, Ōtsuka merged Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Okinawan karate. The result of Ōtsuka's efforts is Wadō-ryū Karate.[7]

Wadō-ryū
(和道流)
The flag of Wadō-ryū.
The flag of Wadō-ryū.
Also known asShinshu Wadoryu Karate-Jujutsu[a]
Date founded1929[b] or 1938[c][1]: 205 
Country of originJapan Japan
FounderHironori Ōtsuka
Arts taughtKarate
Ancestor artsKarate (Shotokan, Shitō-ryū and Motobu-ryū), Jujutsu (Shindō Yōshin-ryū, other)
Descendant artsShaolin Nam Pai Chuan,[1]: 121  Sanjuro

As such, Wadō-ryū places emphasis on not only striking, but tai sabaki, joint locks and throws. It has its origins within Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujitsu, as well as Shotokan, Tomari-te and Shito-Ryu karate.[8]: 33 [9]: 40  [10][1]: 205 

Etymology

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The name Wadō-ryū has three parts: Wa, dō, and ryū. Wa means "harmony," dō (same character as tao) means "way," and ryū means "school" or "style". Harmony should not be interpreted as pacifism; it is simply the acknowledgment that yielding is sometimes more effective than brute strength, which founds the art's mentality in fighting.[8]: 33 [10][1]: 205 [7] Additionally, Kanji Wa (和) used is also a Kanji for Japan, due to the influence of Japanese Jujutsu in Wadō-Ryū, meant in contrast to the other karate styles originating from Okinawa.[11]

Characteristics

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To the untrained observer, Wadō-ryū might look similar to other styles of karate, like its parent school of Shotokan. Most of the underlying principles, however, were derived from Shindō Yōshin-ryū, an atemi waza focused style of Jujutsu.[5][8]: 33  Indeed, from one point of view, Wadō-ryū might be considered a style of Jūjutsu rather than Karate.[citation needed] Hironori Ōtsuka embraced jujitsu and was its chief instructor for a time. When Ōtsuka first registered his school with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938, the style was called "Shinshu Wadō-ryū Karate-Jūjutsu," a name that reflects its hybrid character. [citation needed]

Additionally, there are noticeable differences in the katas compared to other styles such as Shōtōkan. Wadō-Ryū katas have a lighter, less powerful appearance and are economical in movement. Defensive techniques do not block an opponent’s attack, but rather redirect it.[citation needed]

Technique

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Wado-ryu karatedo is characterized by evasion instead of meeting force with force, and by light, fast, and fluid body movement. The Wado-ryu stylist defends with parries and deflections with simultaneous counterattacks.

— David Jones[5]

Similar to Shotokan Karate, Wadō-ryū employs linear striking, but forgoes with Shotokan's aggressive approach.[10][1]: 205  Instead, Wadō-ryū opts tai sabaki (often incorrectly referred to as 'evasion') as its key principle. The Japanese term can be translated as "body-management," and refers to body manipulation so as to move the defender as well as the attacker out of harm's way. The way to achieve this is to 'move along' rather than to 'move against'—or harmony rather than physical strength.[1]: 205 [8]: 33  Using these principles, the energy of the attack is diverted and evaded, and then or simultaneously countered with joint-locking, throwing, or striking techniques. The technical execution is subject to the following principles:

  • Sanmi Ittai – Every technique in Wadō-Ryū (Ten gi) simultaneously includes a change in position (Ten i) and a shift in the weight of the body (Ten tai).[12]
  • Execution of all movements while avoiding the following errors: No incorrect or superfluous technique, no superfluous movement, no superfluous expenditure of force.[13]
  • Control of your own center of gravity.
  • Tai Sabaki – Leaving the line of attack by dodging.[1]: 205 [8]: 33 
  • Defending against an attack and countering occur simultaneously, as well as doing so without hesitation.
  • Kyusho – Techniques are aimed at the attacker’s vital points.
  • Smooth transitions between the individual techniques.

Wadō-ryū is also characterized by a higher body position and stances than in other Karate styles.[14]

Modern karate competition tends to transform Wadō-ryū away from its roots towards a new generic karate that appeals more to the demands of both spectators and competitors.[7]

A block in Wadō may look much like a block in Goju/Uechi ryu, but they are executed from different perspectives.[citation needed]

While the core principles (at least with regard to the transmission of body mass into punches) of turning on the heel remain in Wadō, as it is the fastest way to push the hips in the direction of attack, the progression to the ball of the foot is a hallmark of the style.[citation needed]

Kata

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Kata are predefined, specific patterns of movement that incorporate and encapsulate martial techniques, concepts, and applications.[15] Wadō-Ryū takes a different approach to kata training than other styles. Ōtsuka Hironori adopted the katas from Gichin Funakoshi, but used a different kanji for the term kata. In Wadō-Ryū, he replaced the meaning of original mold or template (Japanese 型) of the kata in Shōtōkan with the meaning of symbol (Japanese 形). This means that the practitioner should not always aim for the same form of a kata, but rather allow and even encourage changes to a kata due to the age and other individual characteristics of the karateka.[13]

In his 1977 book on Wadō-ryū (published in English in 1997), Ōtsuka declared only nine official kata for Wadō-ryū: Pinan Nidan, Pinan Shodan, Pinan Sandan, Pinan Yodan, Pinan Godan, Kūshankū, Naihanchi, Seishan and Chintō.[16][full citation needed] However, after his death, other organizations of the style have added other forms, such as unsu and kumpu. However, it can be said that all individual kata originate from Shuri-te.[citation needed]

As such, The exact movements of a kata often vary from one organization to another, and even from one school to another within the same organization. The variations can range from significant deviations apparent to the untrained observer to very subtle minutiae.[citation needed]

Kata associated with Wadō-ryū include:

  • Ten-No: basic drills first invented by Gigō Funakoshi (son of Gichin Funakoshi).[citation needed]
  • Taikyoku series: developed by Gichin Funakoshi as a preliminary exercise before the Pinan series; many Wadō-ryū schools teach these basic kata, particularly Taikyoku Shodan (太極初段).[8]: 101 
  • Pinan kata: created by Ankō Itosu, and consisting of Pinan Shodan (平安初段), Pinan Nidan (平安二段), Pinan Sandan (平安三段), Pinan Yodan (平安四段), and Pinan Godan (平安五段). Funakoshi renamed this series as the Heian series.[8]: 97, 101 
  • Kūshankū クーシャンクー (公相君): "Sky Viewing". Kūshankū was the Okinawan name for Kwang Shang Fu, a Sapposhi (emissary of China's ruling class) sent to Okinawa in the 18th century. This kata uses stances and attacks consisting of the five previous Pinan kata. No new techniques are introduced. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Kankū Dai.[8]: 101 [17]
  • Naihanchi ナイハンチ (内畔戦; also known as Naifanchi): this was the original name for the three Tekki kata, but was changed by Funakoshi. This is a lateral kata learned from Chōki Motobu. Wadō-ryū practices only the first Naihanchi kata.[8]: 96, 101 
  • Seishan セイシャン (征射雲): the name means "13 hands." This kata was named after a well-known Chinese martial artist who lived in or near Shuri c. 1700. The movements are repeated in sets of three, and has pivots and turning of the head. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Hangetsu.[8]: 99, 101 
  • Chintō チントウ (鎮闘): formulated by Matsumura Sōkon from the teachings of a sailor or pirate named Chintō (or Annan, depending on the source). Crane stance occurs many times, and the flying kicks differentiate Chintō from other kata. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Gankaku.[8]: 101 
  • Bassai バッサイ (披塞; also known as Passai): a Tomari-te kata that uses dynamic stances and hip rotation. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Bassai Dai.[8]: 96, 101 
  • Rōhai ローハイ (老梅): Rōhai has three variation invented by Itosu. Wadō-ryū practices Rōhai Shodan. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Meikyo.[8]: 98, 101 
  • Niseishi ニーセイシ: the name means "24 steps." Transmitted by Ankichi Aragaki, this kata is known in Japanese as Nijūshiho (二十四步).[8]: 96, 101 
  • Wanshū ワンシュウ (晩愁): the name means "flying swallow." This is a Tomari-te kata based on movements brought to Okinawa in 1683 by a Chinese envoy of the same name. The metaphorical name, "Flying Swallows," comes from the soft blocking sequences near the end of this kata. Funakoshi renamed this kata as Empi.[1]: 205 [8]: 101 
  • Jion ジオン (慈恩): A Tomari-te kata; part of the Jion kata group.[8]: 95, 101 
  • Jitte ジッテ (十手): another Tomari-te kata of the Jion kata group; the name means "10 hands."[citation needed]
  • Suparinpei スーパーリンペイ (壱百零八拳): known as "108 hands," representing the 108 evil spirits of man. This kata is also said to have represented a band of 108 warriors that travelled the Chinese countryside in the 17th century, performing 'Robin Hood'-type tasks of doing good deeds, giving to the poor, and so on.[1]: 205  It is also known by its Chinese name of Pechurrin, and occasionally referred to as Haiku Hachi Ho (a name given by Funakoshi).[8]: 99, 101  Suparinpei was originally listed as a Wadō-ryū kata with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai by Hironori Ōtsuka, but he eventually discarded it. Some Wadō-ryū instructors and schools still teach this kata.[citation needed]
  • Kunpu[citation needed]
  • Unsū: the name means "cloud hands". Advanced kata also found in Shotokan, as well as Shito-Ryu. Its origins are a mystery, and its speculated to have originated from either Dragon-style of Chinese Kung Fu or Arakaki Seishō.[8]: 101 [18]

In addition to the solo kata listed above, many Wadō-ryū schools also practice paired kata, which reflects its jujutsu heritage.[10] These paired kata are performed by two people (one as the attacker and one as the defender), demonstrating a range of self-defense techniques. The paired kata of Wadō-ryū often vary from one organisation from another, because Ōtsuka did not standardise them. The paired kata are:[citation needed]

  • Yakusoku Kihon Kumite: consists of 10 fundamental techniques of attack against combination attacks (combinations of kicks and punches), influenced by jujutsu body movements.
  • Kumite Gata: consists of 10 – 24 varietal techniques (depending on the organisation) of attack emphasizing Katamae (pinning) and Kuzushi (breaking balance) and multiple strikes.
  • Ohyo Kumite: consists of various techniques of attack, incorporating Karate blocks, kicks and strikes with jujutsu throws and body movements. This is a specialty of Tatsuo Suzuki Hanshi's W.I.K.F organisation.
  • Idori no Kata: consists of 5–10 techniques (depending on the organisation) of seated self-defense, influenced by jujutsu throwing and joint-locking techniques.
  • Tantodori no Kata: consists of 7–10 techniques (depending on the organisation) of defenses against knife attacks, influenced by jujutsu body movements, throwing, and joint-locking techniques.
  • Shinken Shirahadori (真剣白刃取り): consists of 5–10 (depending on organisation) techniques of defenses against sword attacks, influenced by jujutsu body movements, throwing, and joint-locking techniques.

In addition to the three paired kata above, there are also Gyakunage Kata (kata of throwing), Joshi Goshinjutsu (kata of women's self-defense), Kodokan Goshin Jutsu & some others, but they are not commonly taught.[citation needed]

Ranks

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Wadō-ryū uses a typical karate belt order to denote rank. The beginner commences at 9th or 10th kyū (depending on the organisation and school) and progresses to 1st kyū, then from 1st–5th dan for technical grades. The ranks of 6th–10th dan are honorary ranks. Although some other karate styles add stripes to their belt for the dan ranks, Wado-ryū practitioners tend not to follow that practice.[1]: 205 

The rank at which Wado practitioners are first able to teach is usually 3rd dan, but this depends on the organisation. Some Wado ryu organisations require completion of a special course in addition to attaining a certain dan rank.

Schools that use the same belt colour for multiple kyu ranks typically, although not necessarily, use stripes to indicate progress within that belt colour.

History

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See also: Hironori Ōtsuka

The founder of Wadō-ryū, Hironori Ōtsuka, was born on 1 June 1892 in Shimodate, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. In 1898, Ōtsuka began practicing koryū jujutsu under Chojiro Ebashi. From 1905–1921, he studied Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu under Tatsusaburo Nakayama.[19][20]: 68, 174  In 1922, he met Gichin Funakoshi and began to train under him.[5][21][22] In 1924, Ōtsuka became one of the first students promoted to black belt in karate by Funakoshi. To broaden his knowledge of Karate, Ōtsuka also studied with other prominent masters such as Kenwa Mabuni of Shitō-ryū and Motobu Chōki.[15]

By 1927, Ōtsuka had become an assistant instructor in Funakoshi's Shotokan school.[5] In 1929, Ōtsuka organised the first school karate club at Tokyo University. Eiichi Eriguchi coined the term 'Wadō-ryū' in 1934.[23]

In 1938, Ōtsuka registered his style of karate with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai under the name of "Shinshu Wadoryu Karate-Jujutsu." Soon after, however, this was shortened to "Wadō-ryū" (和道流). In 1938, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai awarded Ōtsuka the rank of Renshi-Go, followed in 1942 by the rank of Kyoshi-Go. It was around this time that Tatsuo Suzuki, founder of the WIKF, began training in Wadō-ryū. In 1944, Ōtsuka was appointed Japan's Chief Karate Instructor.[citation needed] In 1946, Ōtsuka awarded Tatsuo Suzuki the rank of 2nd dan.

Around 1950, Jiro Ōtsuka (the founder's second son) began training in Wadō-ryū while in his adolescent years. In 1951, Ōtsuka awarded Tatsuo Suzuki the rank of 5th dan, the highest rank awarded in Wadō-ryū at that time. In 1952, the Wadō-ryū headquarters (honbu) was established at the Meiji University dojo in Tokyo. In 1954, its name was changed to Zen Nippon Karate Renmei (All Japan Karate Federation). In 1955, Ōtsuka published "Karatejutsu no Kenkyu," a book expounding his style of karate. In 1963, he dispatched Suzuki, along with Toru Arakawa and Hajimu Takashima, to spread Wadō-ryū around the world.

In 1964, the Japan Karate Federation (JKF) was established as a general organisation for all karate styles. Wadō-ryū joined this organisation as a major group. In 1965, Ōtsuka and Yoshiaki Ajari recorded onto film (which is now still available on two video tapes) much of the legacy of Wadō-ryū karate. The first video, "Wadō-ryū Karate Volume 1," consists of: in-depth history and recollections; demonstrations of the eight Kihon No Tsuki body shifts; the first five Kihon-Kumite; and the kata Pinan 1–5, Kūshankū, Jion, Naihanchi, and Seishan. The second video, "Wadō-ryū Karate Volume 2," consists of: more history; the kata Chintō, Niseishi, Rōhai, Wanshu, and Jitte; as well as Kihon-Kumite 6–10, along with application. In 1966, Ōtsuka was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Fifth Class by Emperor Hirohito for his dedication to the introduction and teaching of karate.[24] On 5 June 1967, the Wadō-ryū organisation changed its name to "Wadōkai."

In 1972, the President of Kokusai Budō Renmei, a member of the Japanese royal family, awarded Ōtsuka the title of Meijin.[5][25] In 1975, Suzuki received his 8th dan, the highest grade ever given (at the time) by the Federation of All Japan Karate-dō Organisations, and was named Hanshi-Go by the uncle of Emperor Higashikuni.[citation needed]

In 1980, as the result of a conflict between Ōtsuka and the Wadōkai organisation over personal withdrawals from the organisation's bank accounts, he stepped down as head of the Wadōkai. Eiichi Eriguchi took over his place within that organisation. On 1 April 1981, Ōtsuka founded the "Wadōryū Karatedō Renmei." (Renmei means "group" or "federation.") After only a few months, he retired as head of this organisation. His son, Jiro Ōtsuka, took his place. On 29 January 1982, Hironori Ōtsuka died, and in 1983, Jiro Ōtsuka succeeded him as grandmaster of Wadō-ryū. The younger Ōtsuka changed his name to "Hironori Otsuka II" in honor of his late father. In 1989, Tatsuo Suzuki founded the third major Wadō-ryū organisation, "Wadō Kokusai" (Wadō International Karatedō Federation; WIKF). (Kokusai means "international.") In 2011 following Suzuki's death, Jon Wicks succeeded as the WIKF chief instructor. In 2015 following Jiro's death, his son Kazutaka succeeded him as grandmaster of Wadō-ryū, assuming the name "Hironori Otsuka III".

Organisation

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Wadō-ryū is spread between three independently-led organisations: Wadōkai, Wadō Kokusai and Wadō-ryū Karate-dō Renmei.

Wadō-ryū outside Japan

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Wadō-ryū has been spread to many countries in the world, by both Japanese and non-Japanese students of Hironori Otsuka. Japanese Wadō-ryū stylists Tatsuo Suzuki, Teruo Kono, Masafumi Shiomitsu, H. Takashima, Naoki Ishikawa, Yoshihiko Iwasaki, Kuniaki Sakagami and many others spread the art in Europe. Yoshiaki Ajari, Masaru Shintani and Isaac Henry Jr. spread the art in the United States and Canada,[26][3]: 44 [27]: 32  Joaquim Gonçalves (from Portugal) and many others have helped to spread the style in their respective countries. In 1968, Otsuka promoted Cecil T. Patterson of the United States to 5th dan, and charged him with the creation of the United States Eastern Wado-Kai Federation (USEWF).[28]

Following the split between Otsuka and the Wado-Kai in 1980, Patterson and the USEWF (renamed: United States Eastern Wadō-ryū Karate Federation) remained with Otsuka. Following Patterson's death in 2002, his son John T. Patterson assumed the presidency of the USEWF. Patterson's organisation continues as an active member of the Wadō Ryū Karatedō Renmei. In the UK, Wadō-ryū has been cited as a key influence in the development of the hybrid martial art Sanjuro.[citation needed]

Notable practitioners

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For practitioners of Wadō-ryū, see Category:Wadō-ryū practitioners.

Notes

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  1. ^ What the style was called originally when Hironori Ōtsuka registered the style with Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938. Was soon shortened to just "Wado-Ryu".
  2. ^ When Hironori Otsuka first began to teach Karate to others at Tokyo University.
  3. ^ When Hironori Ōtsuka registered his style of karate with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai under the name of "Shinshu Wadoryu Karate-Jujutsu."
  4. ^ As in, being one of the four styles recognized by Japan Karate Federation. The others being Goju-Ryu, Shotokan and Shito-Ryu.[2][3]: 37 [4]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Crudelli, Chris (2008). The Way of the Warrior. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9781405337502.
  2. ^ Stubbs, Ray (2011) [2007]. The Sports Book. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 220. ISBN 9781405378710. The Federation of All Japan Karate-do Organizations recognizes four main karate styles – Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, Shotokan, and Wado-ryu – although there are more than 70 different styles, including Shorin-Ryu, Uechi-Ryu and Kyokushinkai.
  3. ^ a b c Rielly, Robin L. (2011) [1998]. Complete Shotokan Karate: History, Philosophy, and Practice. Tuttle Publishing.
  4. ^ "A New Day of Karate". Black Belt. October 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, David (November 24, 2015). Martial Arts Training in Japan: A Guide for Westerners. Tuttle Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9781462918287.
  6. ^ "Founder of Wado-Ryu - Hironori Otsuka" (PDF). wado-ryu.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  7. ^ a b c "USKO". Usko-karate.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lund, Graeme (December 29, 2015). Essential Karate Book: For White Belts, Black Belts and All Levels In Between. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462905591.
  9. ^ a b Herbster, Richard (June 22, 1983). "Wado-Ryu's Otsuka: Leader of the way of peace". Black Belt Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. Retrieved November 19, 2024 – via Google Books.
  10. ^ a b c d Martin, Ashley (2012). Complete Martial Arts Training Manual: An Integrated Approach. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462905553. Wado-ryu, Created by Hironori Otsuka in the 1930s, Wado-ryu is a synthesis of Shotokan karate and jujutsu. Wado-ryu, which means "the harmonious way style," combines the linear strikes of Shotokan with evasive maneuvers that involve slipping past attacks. Wado-ryu also focuses on sparring drills that are more complex than the simple block and counter drills of shotokan. These drills, which are called paired kata, include locks and throws reflecting the jujutsu heritage of Wado-ryu.
  11. ^ Takashi, Uozumi; Bennett, Alexander (2010). The history and spirit of budo. International Budo University. p. 108. ISBN 978-4-9980893-4-6.
  12. ^ Roberto Danubio, Wadoryu Karatedo - Kihon, Kata, Kumite. Wado Ryu Karate Media, 2010, ISBN 978-3-033-02264-5, p. 13.
  13. ^ a b Schäfer, Josef (2002). KARATE DO, Tradition & Innovation. Verlag Pukrop. p. 26. ISBN 3-00-009946-8.
  14. ^ "About Wadō-Ryu style". Wadokai Finland. 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024. Wadō-Ryū as a style is very natural. Being relaxed is important and the stances are slightly higher compared to the other styles. Using lower stances requires certain kind of way of using power which might cause unnecessary tension.
  15. ^ a b Black Belt November 1971. November 1971. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  16. ^ Wado Ryu Karate: Hironori Otsuka 1997, p.72
  17. ^ Wado Ryu Karate: Hironori Otsuka 1997, p.177
  18. ^ Clayton, Bruce D. (2004). Shotokan's Secret: The Hidden Truth Behind Karate's Fighting Origins. Black Belt Books. p. 66. ISBN 9780897501446.
  19. ^ Draeger, Donn F. (1996) [1974]. Modern Bujutsu & Budo. Weatherhill. p. 132. ISBN 9780834803510.
  20. ^ a b Sidney, James, ed. (2003). The Warrior's Path: Wisdom from Contemporary Martial Arts Masters. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 9781590300749.
  21. ^ "Grand Master Hironori Otsuka". Archived from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  22. ^ Contributions from "Karate", pages 55 of Hironori Otsuka's "Before and After Meisho Juku", and pages 58 and 59 of Yasuhiro Konishi's "Ryūkyū karatejutsu no sendatsu-sha"
  23. ^ Robb, Ralph (24 January 2013). Memoirs of A Karate Fighter. HopeRoad. ISBN 9781908446152. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  24. ^ "和道流空手道連盟". May 16, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-05-16.
  25. ^ Black Belt June 1970. June 1970. p. 14. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  26. ^ a b Otis, Edmond; Hassell, Randall (2000). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Karate. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9780241885819. Yoshiaki Ajari introduced Wado-ryu karate in Hayward, California.
  27. ^ a b c d Habersetzer, Gabrielle; Habersetzer, Roland (2004) [2000]. Encyclopédie technique, historique, biographique et culturelle des arts martiaux de l'Extrême-Orient [Technical, historical, biographical and cultural encyclopedia of the martial arts of the Far East] (in French). Amphora. ISBN 9782851806604.
  28. ^ Herbster, Richard (June 1983). Wado-Ryu's Ostuka: Leader of the way of peace. pp. 41–43. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  29. ^ a b Vic Charles (1990). Karate. Crowood Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781852232245.
  30. ^ Daume, Daphne, ed. (1983). Britannica Book of the Year (1 ed.). Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 247. ISBN 978-0852294079.
  31. ^ Journal of Asian Martial Arts. (2006). USA: Via Media Publishing Company. Page 61.
  32. ^ Parulski, George R., ed. (1985). Karate's Modern Masters: The Philosophies and Techniques of the Art's Living Legends. Contemporary Books. p. 6, 11. ISBN 9780809253098.
  33. ^ Ben Pollock: Karate Wadōryu: from Japan to the West, Manchester 2014, 1st edition, ISBN 978-1-291-65036-5, page 80
  34. ^ a b Mitchell, David (1997). The Overlook Martial Arts Handbook. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 9780879517595.
  35. ^ a b Modric, Zarko (January 1, 1978). "Top 10 European Karate Men". Black Belt Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. p. 38. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  36. ^ Goodman, Fay (2004). The Practical Encyclopedia of Martial Arts. Lorenz Books. ISBN 9780754814689. WADO RYU Eugene Alexander Codrington Eugene Codrington's competition career began in 1974 when he became the AKA Champion.
  37. ^ "Top Ten European Karateka". Black Belt Magazine. Active Interest Media, Inc. October 1, 1976. p. 88. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
  38. ^ Pflüger, A. (2006). VEINTICINCO SHOTOKAN KATAS. Spain: Paidotribo. ISBN 9788480194600, Page 18.
  39. ^ Mairet, S. (1985). Le karaté. (n.p.): FeniXX réédition numérique. ISBN 9782307520184, page 140
  40. ^ "Koji Takamatsu, pioneiro do Wado-ryu no Brasil, deixa uma legião de luto". Master 15 Caderno Karate (in Portuguese). Bueno Editora. 2021. p. 20. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
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