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Walla Walla (/ˌwɒlə/), Walawalałáma ("People of Walula region along Walla Walla River"), sometimes Walúulapam, are a Sahaptin Indigenous people of the Northwest Plateau. The duplication in their name expresses the diminutive form. The name Walla Walla is translated several ways but most often as "many waters".[3]
 Illustration of Sahaptin tribal representatives to Washington D.C. in 1890 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 383 (2010)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Oregon) | |
| Languages | |
| English, Sahaptin dialect (endangered) | |
| Religion | |
| Traditional Religion (Washat),[2] Christianity (incl. syncretistic forms) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sahaptin-speaking Umatilla, Cayuse, Yakama |
Many of the Walla Walla live on the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. They share land and a governmental structure with the Cayuse and the Umatilla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla. The reservation is located in the area of Pendleton, Oregon, United States, near the Blue Mountains. Some Walla Walla are also enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation.
History
editThe people are a Sahaptin-speaking tribe that traditionally inhabited the interior Columbia River region of the present-day northwestern United States. For centuries before the coming of European settlers, the Walla Walla, consisting of three principal bands, occupied the territory along the Walla Walla River (named for them) and along the confluence of the Snake and Columbia River rivers in a territory that is now part of northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington states. From this zone, the Walla Walla followed a pattern of seasonal subsistence practices similar to that of the Yakama, Palouse, Umatilla, and Wanapum tribes.[4]
Contact with Europeans
editThe first encounter with Euro-Americans for the Walla Walla was the Lewis and Clark Expedition. At the first meeting in 1805, the Americans promised Walla Walla chief Yellepit that they would visit with the people after seeing the Pacific Ocean. The party returned in April 1806 and stayed at Yellepit's village, located on the Columbia River near the mouth of the Walla Walla River.[5] During a transaction Yellepit presented Clark with a white horse in return for a copper kettle. The Americans had none in supply, however, so Clark gave Yellepit his own sword, along with a quantity of gunpowder and musket balls.[6] Lewis and Clark also gave Yellepit a peace medal engraved with a portrait of President Thomas Jefferson, to be worn around the neck, and a small United States flag. Yellepit, Washington was later named after the chief.
David Thompson of the Canadian-British North West Company (NWC) was the next European in the Walla Walla lands, arriving in 1811. About five miles upriver from Yellepit's village on the confluence of the Snake River and the Columbia, Thompson ordered a pole be placed. An attached letter to the pole claimed the territory for the British Crown and stated the NWC intended to build a trading post at the site. Thompson's pole and letter were intended for the traders of the Pacific Fur Company, an American rival of the NWC. Continuing downriver, Thompson stopped at Yellepit's village and discovered the flag and medal left by the Americans. Thompson found Yellepit very friendly and intelligent, a m d the chief encouraged the plan to set up a nearby trading post.[7]
For various reasons the post was not built until 1818, when the NWC established Fort Nez Perces at the mouth of the Walla Walla River. During the summer of 1811, Thompson had met also with the Walla Walla head chief, Tumatapum, and his equal-ranking Quillquills Tuckapesten, Nimipu head chief; Ollicott, Cayuse head chief; and, probably, Kepowhan, Palus head chief; and Illim-Spokanee, Spokane head chief.
The Walla Walla eventually adopted the practice of maintaining cattle herds. They were known to go to New Helvetia in California during 1844 to secure additional livestock. An estimated 40 Walla Walla, Nez Perce and Cayuse under Walla Walla chief Piupiumaksmaks went on the expedition south. En route the party gathered stray horses, not aware the strays were stolen.
Negotiations at New Helvetia were held between one of Piupiumaksmaks' sons, Toayahnu, and an employee of Sutter. The two men entered a dispute, and Toayahnu was killed.[8] Despite fears of retribution among Sutter's staff by the Walla Walla, Piupiumaksmaks returned with a small band of warriors and families in 1846 and declared peaceable intentions.[9] When that party returned to the northern territory, they found that some members had been infected with measles, to which the Native Americans had no immunity. An epidemic began to spread across the Columbia Plateau, decimating indigenous populations.[10] Smallpox and other diseases were also introduced into the area, adding to the Walla Walla population decline. Despite this, the Walla Walla still held extensive herds of horses, which constituted the "principal wealth" of the tribe.[11]
The Walla Walla were one of the tribal nations at the 1855 Walla Walla Council (along with the Cayuse, Nez Perce, Umatilla, and Yakama), which signed the Treaty of Walla Walla.[12]
Notable Walla Walla
edit- Piupiumaksmaks (Yellow Hawk) (d. 1855), head chieftain of Walla Wallas
- James Lavadour (b. 1951), painter and printmaker
- Dan Henderson (b. 1970), Olympic wrestler and mixed martial artist
- Charles Sams (b. circa 1970), director of the U. S. National Park Service (2021 to present)
References
edit- ^ "2010 Census American Indian and Alaska Native Summary File". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
- ^ "About Us". Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Archived from the original on September 20, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ "Indian Names Of Places". Native American Glossary. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011.[self-published source]
- ^ Lozar, Patrick Stephen. "An Anxious Desire of Self Preservation": Colonialism, Transition, and Identity on the Umatilla Indian Reservation, 1860-1910 (MA thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/13277.[page needed]
- ^ "Walla Walla Indians". Lewis and Clark. PBS. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ^ Allen, Cain (2004). "Yelleppit and the Walla Walla". The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 7, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ^ Nisbet, Jack (1994). Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America. Sasquatch Books. pp. 202–203. ISBN 1-57061-522-5.
- ^ Heizer, Robert Fleming (1942). "Walla Walla Indian Expeditions to the Sacramento Valley". California Historical Society Quarterly. 21 (1): 1–7. doi:10.2307/25160976. JSTOR 25160976.
- ^ Hussey, John Adam; Ames, George Walcott Jr. (1942). "Preparations to Meet the Walla Walla Invasion, 1846". California Historical Society Quarterly. 21 (1): 9–21. doi:10.2307/25160977. JSTOR 25160977.
- ^ Paul, Kane (1859). Wanderings of an artist across the Indians of North America. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Roberts. p. 283.
- ^ Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean (Report). Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Beverly Tucker. 1855. p. 403.
- ^ Trafzer, Clifford E. (Fall 2005). "Legacy of the Walla Walla Council, 1955". Oregon Historical Quarterly. 106 (3): 398–411. doi:10.1353/ohq.2005.0006. ISSN 0030-4727. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007.