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Wanda Gág

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Wanda Hazel Gág (/ˈɡɑːɡ/ GAHG; March 11, 1893 – June 27, 1946) was an American artist, author, translator, and illustrator. She is best known for writing and illustrating the children's book Millions of Cats, the oldest American picture book still in print.[1] Gág was also a noted print-maker, receiving international recognition and awards.[2] Growing Pains, a book of excerpts from the diaries of her teen and young adult years, received widespread critical acclaim.[3] Two of her books were awarded Newbery Honors and two received Caldecott Honors. The New York Public Library included Millions of Cats on its 2013 list of 100 Great Children's Books.[4]

Wanda Gág
formal, hip height portrait of young woman with long hair pulled up into a knot, wearing long sleeved dark velvet dress with light collar, holding a paintbrush and palette
Gág in December 1916
BornWanda Hazel Gag
March 11, 1893
New Ulm, Minnesota, US
DiedJune 27, 1946(1946-06-27) (aged 53)
New York City, US
Occupation
GenreChildren's literature
Notable worksMillions of Cats (1928)
Notable awards

Early years

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Gág self-portrait (1915)

Wanda Hazel Gág was born March 11, 1893, in the German-speaking community of New Ulm, Minnesota,[5] to Elisabeth (née Biebl) Gag and the artist and photographer Anton Gag. The eldest of seven siblings, Wanda was 15 when her father died of tuberculosis.[6] His final words to her were: "Was der Papa nicht thun konnt', muss die Wanda halt fertig machen." (transl. What Papa couldn't do, Wanda will have to finish.)[7]

Following his death, the family was on welfare and some townspeople thought that Wanda should quit high school and get a steady job to help support her family. Despite this pressure, Wanda continued with her high school education. While still a teenager her illustrated story Robby Bobby in Mother Goose Land was published in The Minneapolis Journal in their Junior Journal supplement.[8] After graduating in June 1912, she taught country school in Springfield, Minnesota, from November 1912 to June 1913.[9]

Art school

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In 1913, Gág began a platonic relationship with University of Minnesota medical student Edgar T. Herrmann who exposed her to new ideas in art, politics and philosophy.[10] With a scholarship (and the aid of friends), she attended The Saint Paul School of Art in 1913 and 1914.[6] From 1914 to 1917 she attended The Minneapolis School of Art under the patronage of Herschel V. Jones.[11][12] While there, she became friends with Harry Gottlieb and Adolf Dehn.[13] Her first illustrated book commission (as Wanda Gäg) was A Child’s Book of Folk-Lore— Mechanics of Written English by Jean Sherwood Rankin (1917).[14]

 
Crooked Man from Mother Goose rhyme in Mechanics of Written English (1917)

New York

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In 1917, Gág won a scholarship to the Art Students League of New York[15] where she took classes in composition, etching and advertising illustration. By 1919, Gág was earning her living as a commercial illustrator.[16]

During her time in New York she became a member of the Society of American Graphic Artists. In 1921, she became a partner in a business venture called Happiwork Story Boxes. The boxes were decorated with story panels on its sides.[17]

 
Cover of Happiwork Packages game for children, Circa 1921

An illustration of Gág's was published in Broom: An International Magazine of the Arts in 1921.[18] Gág's art exhibition in the New York Public Library in 1923 was her first solo show. She began signing her name "Gág" around this time.[19]

In 1924, Gág's work was published in a short-lived folio-style magazine with artist William Gropper.[20] In 1925 she created a series of illustrated crossword puzzles for children that was syndicated in several newspapers.[21] Gág's one-woman-show in the Weyhe Gallery in 1926 led to her being acclaimed as "… one of America’s most promising young graphic artists… " and was the start of a lifelong relationship with its manager, Carl Zigrosser[22][23] She began to sell her lithographs, linoleum block prints, water colors and drawings through the gallery.[citation needed]

In 1927, her article These Modern Women: A Hotbed of Feminists was published in The Nation, drawing the attention of Alfred Stieglitz and prompting Egmont Arens to write: "The way you solved that problem (her relationship with men) seems to me to be the most illuminating part of your career. You have done what all the other ‘modern women’ are still talking about."[24][25] Gág’s illustrations were published on the covers of the leftist magazines The New Masses and The Liberator.[26][27]

 
Gág preparing lithographic stone (1932)

In a 1929 New York Times review, Elisabeth Luther Cary described Gág's print Stone Crusher: "Pure imagination leaps out from dusky shadows and terrifies with light, an emotional source difficult to analyze."[28]

For a 1934 auction organized by Langston Hughes to raise funds for the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, Gág contributed an original drawing from ABC Bunny, "'F' is for Frog."[29][30]

Her work was recognized internationally and was selected for inclusion in the American Institute of Graphic Arts Fifty Prints of the Year in 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1937 and 1938.[31] Her work was featured in exhibitions at The Whitney Museum of American Art in 1934, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, and 1941.[32] In 1939 Gág's work was shown at The Museum of Modern Art exhibition Art in Our Time and at the New York World's Fair American Art Today show.[33]

Works for children

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Millions of Cats (1928)

In 1927 Gág's illustrated story Bunny's Easter Egg was published in John Martin's Book, a magazine for children.[34] Gág's work caught the attention of Ernestine Evans, director of Coward-McCann's children's book division. Evans was delighted to learn that Gág had children's stories and illustrations in her folio and asked her to submit her own story with illustrations. The result, Millions of Cats, had been developed from a story that Gág had written to entertain the children of friends. It was published in 1928.[35] Anne Carroll Moore wrote: "… It bears all the hallmarks of becoming a perennial favorite among children, and it takes a place of its own, both for the originality and strength of its pictures and the living folk-tale quality of its text. A book of universal interest to children living anywhere in the world… A kinship with all children made her respect their intelligence, and gave them at once ease and joy in her company. With as sure an instinct for the right word for the ear, as for the right line for the eye, Wanda Gág became quite unconsciously a regenerative force in the field of children's books."[36][37] Millions of Cats won a Newbery Honor award in 1929, one of the few picture books to do so. It is the oldest American picture book still in print.[38] It entered the public domain in the United States in 2024.[39]

In 1935 Gág published the "proto-feminist" Gone is Gone; or, the Story of a Man Who Wanted to Do Housework.[40]

To encourage the reading of fairy-tales, Gág translated and illustrated Tales from Grimm in 1936. English critic Humbert Wolfe, commenting on Gág's translation, wrote: "From the very first page it was clear that Miss Gág was chopping away a perfect brushwood of clumsy phraseology to let in the light."[41] Two years later she translated and illustrated the Grimm story Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in reaction to the "trivialized, sterilized, and sentimentalized" Disney movie version.[42] Her essay I Like Fairy Tales was published in the March 1939 issue of The Horn Book Magazine. More Tales from Grimm was published posthumously in 1947. Four of her translated fairy tales were later released with illustrations by Margot Tomes.

Personal life

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Gág enjoyed living and working in the country. In the early 1920s she spent summers drawing at various locations in rural New York and Connecticut.[17] She rented a three-acre farm called "Tumble Timbers" in Glen Gardner, New Jersey, from 1925 to 1930. In 1931 she bought a larger farm she named "All Creation" in Milford, New Jersey.[43][44] Two of her siblings, Flavia [d] and Howard, lived there with her.[45]

Gág's brother Howard did the hand lettering for Millions of Cats,[42] and The ABC Bunny.[46] Gág encouraged her sister Flavia to create illustrated books for children.[47]

In addition to Earle Humphreys, her long-time paramour and business manager, Gág had, sometimes concurrently, other lovers: Adolph Dehn, Lewis Gannett, Carl Zigrosser, and Dr. Hugh Darby. She married Humphreys on August 27, 1943.[48]

Gág died from lung cancer in New York City, aged 53, on June 27, 1946.[49]

Legacy

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Memorials

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Wanda Gág’s childhood home in New Ulm, Minnesota, is now a museum known as the Wanda Gág House.

Gág was honored by The Horn Book Magazine in a tribute issue in 1947.[50] Her childhood home in New Ulm, Minnesota has been restored and is now the Wanda Gág House, a museum that offers tours and educational programs.[51]

In 1992, Millions of Cats was featured on the television series Shelley Duvall's Bedtime Stories, narrated by James Earl Jones.[52] A bronze sculpture of Gág (with one of her cats) by Jason Jaspersen was erected at the public library of New Ulm, Minnesota, in 2016.[53][54] In 2017 The Sandbox Theatre in Minneapolis produced In The Treetops, a new play that focused on Gág's childhood years.[55]

Awards

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The books Millions of Cats and The ABC Bunny were recipients of a Newbery Honor.[56] Both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Nothing at All received a Caldecott Honor.[57]

Wanda Gág was posthumously honored with The Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958,[58] and the Kerlan Award in 1977.[59]

In 2018, Gág was posthumously honored with the Original Art Lifetime Achievement Award from the Society of Illustrators.[60][61]

The Wanda Gág Read Aloud Book Award is awarded each year by the Minnesota State University Moorhead.[62]

Archives

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Gág's prints, drawings, and watercolors are in the collections of The Minneapolis Institute of Arts,[63] The Whitney Museum,[64] The Museum of Modern Art,[65] The Philadelphia Museum of Art,[66] and other museums around the world. Gág's papers, manuscripts and matrices are held in the Kerlan Collection[67] at the University of Minnesota, The New York Public Library, The Free Library of Philadelphia, The Kislak Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries,[68] and the Minneapolis Institute of Art.[69]

Exhibitions

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The Whitney Museum presented a small retrospective (18 prints and two books) of her work, March through December 2024.[70][71]

Works

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Books

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Writer and illustrator:

  • Batiking at Home: a Handbook for Beginners, Coward McCann, 1926
  • Millions of Cats, Coward McCann, 1928
  • The Funny Thing, Coward McCann, 1929
  • Snippy and Snappy, Coward McCann, 1931
  • Wanda Gág’s Storybook (includes Millions of Cats, The Funny Thing, Snippy and Snappy), Coward McCann, 1932
  • The ABC Bunny, Coward McCann, 1933
  • Gone is Gone; or, the Story of a Man Who Wanted to Do Housework, Coward McCann, 1935
  • Growing Pains: Diaries and Drawings for the Years 1908–1917, Coward McCann, 1940
  • Nothing At All, Coward McCann, 1941

Translator and illustrator:

  • Tales from Grimm, Coward McCann, 1936
  • Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Coward McCann, 1938
  • Three Gay Tales from Grimm, Coward McCann, 1943
  • More Tales from Grimm, Coward McCann, 1947

Illustrator only:

  • A Child’s Book of Folk-Lore— Mechanics of Written English, by Jean Sherwood Rankin, Augsburg, 1917
  • The Oak by the Waters of Rowan, by Spencer Kellogg Jr, Aries Press, New York, 1927
  • The Day of Doom, by Michael Wigglesworth, Spiral Press, 1929
  • Pond Image and Other Poems, by Johan Egilsrud, Lund Press, Minneapolis, 1943

Translator only:

  • The Six Swans, illustrations by Margot Tomes, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1974
  • Wanda Gág's Jorinda and Joringel, illustrations by Margot Tomes, Putnam, 1978
  • Wanda Gag's the Sorcerer's Apprentice illustrations by Margot Tomes, Putnam, 1979
  • Wanda Gag's The Earth Gnome, illustrations by Margot Tomes, Putnam, 1985
  • The Sweet Porridge, illustrations by Jill McDonald [et al.], Methuen Educational, 1966.

Selected prints

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References

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  1. ^ Gregory, Alice. "Juicy As a Pear: Wanda Gág's Delectable Books". The New Yorker, April 24, 2014.
  2. ^ Winnan 1993, pp. 71–77.
  3. ^ Hoyle, Karen Nelson, "Introduction", in Gág 1984, p. xviii
  4. ^ "100 Great Children's Books | 100 Years (2013)". The New York Public Library. 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  5. ^ "LibGuides: Wanda Gág: Illustrator & Author: Overview".
  6. ^ a b Winnan 1993, p. 2.
  7. ^ Gág 1984, p. xxxi.
  8. ^ Cox 1975, p. 250.
  9. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 89.
  10. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 5.
  11. ^ Gág 1984, p. 314.
  12. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 4.
  13. ^ "Wanda Gág papers, 1892–1968". dla.library.upenn.edu.
  14. ^ Rankin, Jean Sherwood; Gág, Wanda (November 20, 1917). Mechanics of written English: a drill in the use of caps and points through the rimes of Mother Goose. Augsburg Publishing House – via HathiTrust.
  15. ^ Gág 1984, pp. 458–459.
  16. ^ Hoyle 2009, pp. 8–10.
  17. ^ a b Hoyle 2009, pp. 10–13.
  18. ^ Gág, Wanda (December 1921). Loeb, Harold A. (ed.). "Charcoal Drawing". Broom: An International Magazine of the Arts. 1 (2). Rome: Published by Americans in Italy, Harold A. Loeb Broom Publishing Company, Inc: 185. hdl:2027/uc1.b3352520. ISSN 0524-7071. OCLC 1348131819 – via HathiTrust.
  19. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 13.
  20. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 15.
  21. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 239.
  22. ^ L'Enfant 2002, p. 123.
  23. ^ M.P. (November 13, 1926). "The Art Galleries: If You Don't Like What We Like, You Know What You Can Do". The New Yorker. Vol. 2, no. 39. New York: F-R Pub. Corp., D. Carey Condé Nast Publications. pp. 90–91. ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 1760231 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Winnan 1993, pp. 36, 71.
  25. ^ L'Enfant 2002, p. 130.
  26. ^ Hemingway 2002, pp. 9, 11.
  27. ^ "Wanda Gág: From Childhood to All Creation". Hennepin History Museum. August 1, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  28. ^ Cary, Elisabeth Luther (December 15, 1929). "Watercolors and Prints" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. 79, no. 26, 258. p. 12 sec. X. ISSN 0362-4331.
  29. ^ Freedman, Paula B. (March 20, 2021). "19 March 2021: Edward Weston, Langston Hughes and the Scottsboro Boys Legal Defense Fund". Edward Weston Bibliography. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  30. ^ National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners (1934). "Scottsboro exhibition and sale notes and press release". Yale University Library. Bequest of Langson Hughes. Image 26, item 8. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  31. ^ Winnan 1993, pp. 72–76.
  32. ^ "Wanda Gág". whitney.org.
  33. ^ L'Enfant 2002, p. 156.
  34. ^ Gág, Wanda (1927). Martin, John (ed.). "Bunny's Easter Egg". John Martin's Book: The Child's Magazine. 35 (4). New York: John Martin's House, Inc. OCLC 2253489.[pages needed]
  35. ^ Winnan 1993, p. 36.
  36. ^ Millions of Cats dust jacket, second edition, 1928
  37. ^ "Gag, Wanda Hazel (1893–1946)". Minnesota Biographical Dictionary. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset Publishers. 2000. p. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-403-09674-9. OCLC 44031731 – via Internet Archive.
  38. ^ "Millions of Cats by Wanda Gág". The Wild Place. Richland County Public Library. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  39. ^ "Public Domain Day 2024 | Duke University School of Law". web.law.duke.edu.
  40. ^ Popova, Maria (July 8, 2014). "The Story of a Man Who Wanted to Do Housework: A Proto-Feminist Children's Book from 1935". The Marginalian. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  41. ^ Wolfe, Humbert (December 5, 1937). "Golden Lads and Lasses: A Shelf of Fairy-Books". The Observer. No. 7, 645. London: Guardian and Manchester Evening News Ltd. p. 17. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. ^ a b James 2002, pp. 169–171.
  43. ^ Winnan 1993, pp. 71–73.
  44. ^ Anderson, Phil (June 29, 2021). "Gág, Wanda (1893–1946)". MNopedia. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  45. ^ Dobbs, Rose (November–December 1935). ""ALL CREATION": Wanda Gag and Her Family". The Horn Book. 11 (6). Boston, MA, US: The Bookshop for Boys and Girls, Women's Educational and Industrial Union: 367–373. ISSN 2693-5120. OCLC 614950421 – via Internet Archive.
  46. ^ "The ABC Bunny". University of Minnesota Press. March 10, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  47. ^ Fuller 1977, pp. 96–97.
  48. ^ Winnan 1993, pp. 9, 44, 55, 61.
  49. ^ L'Enfant 2002, p. 165.
  50. ^ "IN TRIBUTE TO WANDA GAG". The Horn Book. 23 (3). Boston, MA, US: The Bookshop for Boys and Girls, Women's Educational and Industrial Union. May–June 1947. ISSN 2693-5120. OCLC 614950421 – via Internet Archive.
  51. ^ Wanda Gág House, accessed June 2012
  52. ^ Blakey, Scott (March 11, 1993). "DUVALL STRIKES AGAIN WITH 'BEDTIME STORIES'". Chicago Tribune. Los Angeles Times Syndicate. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  53. ^ "Wanda Gag Monument". JJJaspersen Studios. August 31, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  54. ^ Schuldt, Clay (November 26, 2016). "Wanda Gag sculpture unveiled at NU Library". The Journal. New Ulm, MN. ISSN 1059-1338. OCLC 1020530107. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  55. ^ "In The Treetops (2017) |". Archived from the original on September 16, 2017.
  56. ^ "Newbery Medal Winners & Honor Books, 1922 – Present" (PDF). Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). February 13, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  57. ^ "Caldecott Medal & Honor Books, 1938 to present" (PDF). Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC). June 1, 2023.
  58. ^ Davis, David C. (1961). "A Tool for the Selection of Children's Books: The Lewis Carroll Shelf Awards". Elementary English. 38 (8). National Council of Teachers of English: 549–552. ISSN 0013-5968. JSTOR 41385201. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  59. ^ "The Kerlan Award". University of Minnesota Libraries. October 10, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  60. ^ Schuldt, Clay (November 14, 2018). "Wanda Gág awarded Original Art Lifetime Achievement Award". The Journal. New Ulm, MN. ISSN 1059-1338. OCLC 1020530107. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  61. ^ "The Original Art Lifetime Achievement Award". Society of Illustrators. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
  62. ^ "Comstock-Gág Read Aloud Book Awards Program MSUM CMC". Minnesota State University Moorhead. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  63. ^ "Wanda Gág". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  64. ^ "Wanda Gag". Whitney Museum of American Art. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  65. ^ "Wanda Gág | MoMA".
  66. ^ "Wanda Gág". philamuseum.org.
  67. ^ "Collection: Wanda Gág Collection". University of Minnesota Archival Collections Guides. CLRC-29. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
  68. ^ "Wanda Gág papers, 1892-1968". franklin.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  69. ^ Mendelsohn 1983, p. 308.
  70. ^ Mimms, Walker (August 1, 2024). "'Millions of Cats' and Prints for Grown-Ups: Wanda Gág at the Whitney". New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  71. ^ "Wanda Gág's World". Whitney Museum. March 28, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2024.

Sources

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Further reading

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