West Flemish

West Flemish
West Flemish
West-Vlaams
Native to	Belgium, Netherlands, France
Region	West Flanders
Native speakers	(1.4 million cited 1998)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Weser–Rhine Germanic Low Franconian Dutch West Flemish; ; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Zeelandic; French Flemish;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; vls – (West) Vlaams; zea – Zeelandic (Zeeuws)
Glottolog	sout3292 Southwestern Dutch; vlaa1240 Western Flemish
Linguasphere	52-ACB-ag
	West Flemish is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

West Flemish (West-Vlams or West-Vloams or Vlaemsch (in French Flanders), Dutch: West-Vlaams, French: flamand occidental) is a collection of Low Franconian varieties spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and the Netherlands.

West Flemish is spoken by about a million people in the Belgian province of West Flanders, and a further 50,000 in the neighbouring Dutch coastal district of Zeelandic Flanders (200,000 if including the closely related dialects of Zeelandic) and 10-20,000 in the northern part of the French department of Nord.^[1] Some of the main cities where West Flemish is widely spoken are Bruges, Dunkirk, Kortrijk, Ostend, Roeselare and Ypres.

West Flemish is listed as a "vulnerable" language in UNESCO's online Red Book of Endangered Languages.^[2]

Flemish (green) and French (red/brown) as spoken in the arrondissement of Dunkirk in France, in 1874 and 1972

Phonology

West Flemish has a phonology that differs significantly from that of Standard Dutch, being similar to Afrikaans in the case of long E, O and A. Also where Standard Dutch has sch, in some parts of West Flanders, West-Flemish, like Afrikaans, has sk. However, the best known traits are the replacement of Standard Dutch (pre-)velar fricatives g and ch in Dutch (/x, ɣ/) with glottal h [h, ɦ],. The following differences are listed by their Dutch spelling, as some different letters have merged their sounds in Standard Dutch but remained separate sounds in West Flemish. Pronunciations can also differ slightly from region to region.

sch - /sx/ is realised as [ʃh], [sh] or [skʰ] (sh or sk).
ei - /ɛi/ is realised as [ɛː] or [jɛ] (è or jè).
ij - /ɛi/ is realised as [i] (short ie, also written as y) and in some words as [y].
ui - /œy/ is realised as [y] (short u) and in some words as [i].
au - /ʌu/ is realised as [ɔu] (ow)
ou - /ʌu/ is realised as [ʊ] (short oe), it is very similar to the long "oe" that is also used in Standard Dutch ([u]), which can cause confusion
e - /ɛ/ is realised as [æ] or [a].
i - /ɪ/ is realised as [ɛ].
ie - /i/ is longer [iː]
aa - /aː/ is realised as [ɒː].

The absence of /x/ and /ɣ/ in West Flemish makes pronouncing them very difficult for native speakers. That often causes hypercorrection of the /h/ sounds to a /x/ or /ɣ/.

Standard Dutch also has many words with an -en (/ən/) suffix (mostly plural forms of verbs and nouns). While Standard Dutch and most dialects do not pronounce the final n, West Flemish typically drops the e and pronounces the n inside the base word. For base words already ending with n, the final n sound is often lengthened to clarify the suffix. That makes many words become similar to those of English: beaten, listen etc.

The short o ([ɔ]) can also be pronounced as a short u ([ɐ]), a phenomenon also occurring in Russian and some other Slavic languages, called akanye. That happens spontaneously to some words, but other words keep their original short o sounds. Similarly, the short a ([ɑ]) can turn into a short o ([ɔ]) in some words spontaneously.

The diphthong ui (/œy/) does not exist in West Flemish and is replaced by a long u ([y]) or a long ie ([i]). Like for the ui, the long o ([o]) can be replaced by an [ø] (eu) for some words but a [uo] for others. That often causes similarities to ranchers English. ^{[clarification needed]}

Here are some examples showing the sound shifts that are part of the vocabulary:

Dutch	West Flemish	English
vol (short o)	vul [vɐl]	full
zon (short o)	zunne [ˈzɐnːə]	sun
boter (long o)	beuter [ˈbøtər]	butter
boot (long o)	boot [buot]	boat
kuiken	kiek'n [ˈkiːʔŋ̍]	chick
bruin	brun [bryn]	brown

Grammar

Plural form

Plural forms in Standard Dutch most often add -en, but West Flemish usually uses -s, like the Low Saxon dialects and even more prominently in English in which -en has become very rare. Under the influence of Standard Dutch, -s is being used by fewer people, and younger speakers tend to use -en.

Verb conjugation

The verbs zijn ("to be") and hebben ("to have") are also conjugated differently.

Dutch	West Flemish	English	Dutch	West Flemish	English
zijn	zyn	to be	hebben	èn	to have
ik ben	'k zyn	I am	ik heb	'k è	I have
jij bent	gy zyt	you are	jij hebt	gy èt	you have
hij is	ie is	he is	hij heeft	ie èt	he has
wij zijn	wydder zyn	we are	wij hebben	wydder èn	we have
jullie zijn	gydder zyt	you are	jullie hebben	gydder èt	you have
zij zijn	zydder zyn	they are	zij hebben	zydder èn	they have

Double subject

West Flemish often has a double subject.

Dutch	West Flemish	English
Jij hebt dat gedaan.	G' èt gy da gedoan.	You have done that.
Ik heb dat niet gedaan.	'K èn ekik* da nie gedoan.*	I didn't do that.

Articles

Standard Dutch has an indefinite article that does not depend on gender, unlike in West Flemish. However, a gender-independent article is increasingly used. Like in English, n is pronounced only if the next word begins with a vowel sound.

Dutch	West Flemish	English
een stier (m)	ne stier	a bull
een koe (f)	e koeje	a cow
een kalf (o)	e kolf	a calf
een aap (m)	nen oap	an ape
een huis (o)	en 'us	a house

Conjugation of yes and no

Another feature of West Flemish is the conjugation of ja and nee ("yes" and "no") to the subject of the sentence. That is somewhat related to the double subject, but even when the rest of the sentence is not pronounced, ja and nee are generally used with the first part of the double subject.

This conjugation can be negated with the extra word, toet ([tut]), or strenght strengthened by adding mo- or ba- (or both).

Dutch	West Flemish	English
Heb jij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee	Èj gy da gedoan? - Joak / Nink	Did you do that? - Yes / No [I (did/didn't)]
Je hebt dat niet gedaan, hé? - Maar jawel	G'èt da nie gedoan, é? - Bajoak (ja'k en doe 't)	You didn't do that, eh? - On the contrary (But yes I did).
Heeft hij dat gedaan? - Ja / Nee	Èt ie (ne) da gedoan? - Joaj/Nij (Joan / Nin)	Did he do that? - Yes / No [he (did/didn't)]
Gaan we verder? - Ja / Nee	Zyn me? - Joam / Nim	Can we go? - Yes / No [we (can/cannot)]

References

^ ^a ^b (West) Vlaams at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Zeelandic (Zeeuws) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

External links

Euromosaic report on West Flemish (thus Dutch) in France

[e18-1] (West) Vlaams at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Zeelandic (Zeeuws) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2023-02-07.

[1]

[2]